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SHB - Exam 3 > Spinal Chord > Flashcards

Spinal Chord Flashcards

1
Q

Why are there 8 Cervical nerves by only 7 cervical vertebrae?

A

Nerve comes out above,

so 7th cervical vertebrae has 2 nerves C7 & C8

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2
Q

To what vertebrae does the fetal chord extend to?

A

L3

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3
Q

What is a denticulate ligament?

A

Extension of pia

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4
Q

Where does the greater, lesser, and least splanchnic synapse?

A
  1. Celiac ganglion
  2. Superior mesenteric
  3. Renal Plexus
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5
Q

What is the film terminale extension of?

A

PIA

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6
Q

What fuses to form coccygeal ligament?

A

Dura & Pia

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7
Q

What is lumbar cistern?

A

Subarachnoid space caudal to conus medularis

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8
Q

In which vertebrae is the cord mostly caudal equine?

A

SACRAL cord

  • very little white matter
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9
Q

How many anterior and posterior spinal chord arteries?

A

3

one anterior and 2 posterior

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10
Q

What arteries contribute to the Circle of Willis?

A
  1. Basilar
  2. Posterior SPinal
  3. Anterior Spinal
  4. AICA
  5. SCA
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11
Q

Which somites form the dermis, muscle, and skeleton?

A
  1. Dermatome
  2. Myotome
  3. Scleratome
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12
Q

Whats a major difference between dermatomes and Peripheral Nerves?

A

Dermatomes is an area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve, (dorsal ganglion)

  • peripheral nerve = multiple spinal nerve roots
  • 2 or more dermatomes overlapped
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13
Q

What are the dermatomes for the following areas?

  1. Back of head
  2. Thumb & index finger
  3. Nipples
  4. Umbilicus
  5. Kneecap
  6. Lateral Foot
A
  1. C2
  2. C6
  3. T4
  4. T10
  5. L3/L4
  6. S1
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14
Q

Which rotates medially? laterally of the following:

  1. Thumbs
  2. Big toes
A
  1. Thumb = laterally

2. Toe = Medially

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15
Q

Which muscles, flexors or extensors, are pre-axial? Post-axial?

A

pre-axial = FLEXORS

post-axial = EXTENSORS

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16
Q

Where does the dorsal root enter?

A

Posterior Lateral Sulcus

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17
Q

What separates 2 white bundles?

A

Posterior Intermediate Sulcus

between Gracilus and Cuneatus

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18
Q

Where is the Anterior spinal artery found?

A

Anterior Median FISSURE

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19
Q

Where is the ventral horn located?

A

(motor)

  • Anterior Lateral Sulcus
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20
Q

What is another name for the zone of Lissauer?

A

Dorsolateral Fasciculus

-

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21
Q

What is a commissure? What is the largest commissure?

A

Connection between left & right

CORPUS CALLOSUM

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22
Q

Where are sympathetics located? Motor innervation? Sensory?

A

Sympathetics = IML Intermediate Gray

Motor - Anterior Horn

Sensory = Posterior Horn

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23
Q

What are spinal chord nuclei?

A

Group of neurons with a common function

ex: 12 only has GSE so hypoglossal nucleus

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24
Q

Where are GSA & GVA found (dorsal/ventral horn)…what about GVE, GSE?

A

GSA, GVA = DOrsal Horn

GSE, GVE = VENTRAL horn

25
Q

Which is motor and which is sensory:

Alar Vs. Basal

A

Alar = Sensory

Basal = Motor

26
Q

What modifies sensory input by synapsing in the NUCLEUS PROPRIUS?

A

Substantia Gelatinosa

  • axons ascend/descend in Lissauer’s Tract
  • similar to spinal trigeminal nucleus
  • receives dorsal root afferents
27
Q

What is the proper sensory nucleus that contains “tract cells” that project as the SPINOTHALAMIC tract?

A

Nucleus Proprius

28
Q

Which tract relays pain & temp from spinal chord to thalamus? Through which nucleus?

A

Spinothalamic tract

  • through Nucleus Proprius
  • white fibers in the DORSAL HORN
29
Q

Where is the nucleus prepress & Substantia Gelitinosa located?

A

DORSAL HORN

30
Q

What is the nucleus in the IML that is “Clark’s Nucleus” and receives muscle spindle information? Where does it project?

A
  1. Nucleus Dorsalis
  2. Projects to the Cerebellum as DORSAL SPINOCEREBELLAR TRACT

C8- L3

31
Q

Where are pre-ganglionic cholinergic sympathetic efferents found? Which vertebral Levels?

A

IML

- T1-L3
GVE

32
Q

What is in the IMM?

A
  • Visceral afferents
33
Q

What are medial and lateral motor nuclei made up of?

A

alpha motor neurons for skeletal muscle

34
Q

What vertebral segments are the following nuclei

  1. Phrenic Nucleus
  2. Spinal Accessory N
A
  1. C3-C5
  2. C1-C6
    - close to midline = more AXIAL things (shoulders)
    - away = more lateral –> fingers
35
Q

What are the motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscle called?

A

Motor Neurons

36
Q

Where is the phrenic nucleus found?

A

CERVICAL VENTRAL HORN

  • C3-C5
37
Q

What are the 3 non-encapsulated sensory receptors? The 6 Encapsulated?

A
  1. Free Nerve Endings
  2. Merkel’s DIsc
  3. Hair Receptors
  4. Meissner’s COrpuscles
  5. Pacinian Corpuscles
  6. Ruffini Endings
  7. Joint Receptor
  8. Neuromuscular SPindle
  9. Golgi Tendon Organs
38
Q

What are the free nerve ending sensors?

A

SKIN

  1. Pain & Temp
  2. Skin & Viscera
  3. SLOW ADAPTING
39
Q

What are the three types of Meckel’s Nerve ending sensors?

A
  1. TOUCH
  2. Distal extremities, lips, genitalia, nipples
  3. SLOW ADAPTING
40
Q

What is Meisner’s Corpuscle? Where are they found? IS it slow or fast adapting?

A

connective tissue sheath of flattened epithelial cells

  • foundL FINGERS, toes feet, lips, tongue, genital,s joint capsules, LIGAMENTS

RAPIDLY ADAPTING

41
Q

Is Pacinian Corpuscle a fast or slow adapting nerve ending? Where is it found primarily? Is it afferent or efferent? How does it look?

A

FAST ADAPTING

  • found: fingers, toes, soles, palms, joint capsules, mesenteries, viscera
  • GUT

Sense: Light pressure, stretch, and VIBRATION

  • looks like a red onion
  • AFFERENT
42
Q

Which nerve ending is specialized for light pressure, stretch in viscera, and VIBRATION?

A

Pacinian Corpuscle

43
Q

What are the 6 encapsulated receptors?

A
  1. Ruffini Ending
    - dermis, slow adapting to stretch+pressure
  2. Joint Receptor
    - free nerve ending
    - slow adapting
  3. Neuromuscular spindle
    - muscle length
  4. Golgi Tendon
    - muscle tendon jundion & slow adapting
  5. MEISNER’s CORPUSCLE
  6. PACINIAN CORPUSCLE
44
Q

What receptors in muscles and joints is an important prproreceptor?

A

Muscle SPindle

45
Q

What receptor detects muscle length that helps it maintain proper tension?

A

MUSCLE SPINDLE

46
Q

What is the difference between the firing pattern of muscle spindles & GTO?

A

Spindle = MUSCLE STRETCH

GTO = ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION

47
Q

What helps increase in muscle tension during isometric contraction? (change area without changing joint angle)

A

GTO

48
Q

Where do the neurons of the SPINDLE fibers synapse? What fires once the fibers synapse?

A

Anterior Horn - synapses fire ALPHA MOTOR NEURONS

49
Q

What needs to occur in order for the SPINDLE to fire?

A

Stretching of the NUCLEAR BAG

50
Q

What resets the SPINDLE for the next hamstring stretch after the SPINDLE fires?

A

GAMMA MOTOR NEURONS

51
Q

What is the sequence of events when one stretches to touch ones toes?

A
  1. Spindle stretches
  2. Spindle FIres
  3. Shortens hamstrings to resist over-stretching
  4. Shortens spindle
  5. UNRESPONSIVE STATE until
  6. Gamma motor neurons “RESET” the spindle (nuclear bag)
52
Q

When muscle is stretched, what fires the alpha motor neurons?

A

Afferent SPINDLE fibers from

53
Q

Where are gamma fibers and alpha motor neurons found? How is this different from the Muscle Spindle

A

VENTRAL HORN (Anterior horn)

muscle spindle travels through the Dorsal Root Ganglion

54
Q

What are the 3 fast adapting receptors?

A
  1. Hair Follicle
  2. Meisner’s Corpuscle
  3. Pacinian Corpuscle
55
Q

What is the function of the following receptors?

  1. Free Nerve Endings
  2. Merkel’s Disk
  3. Hair Follicle
  4. Meisner’s COrpuscle
  5. Pacinian Corpuscle
  6. Ruffini Ending
  7. Joint Receptor
  8. Neuromuscular Spindle
  9. Golgi Tendon
A
  1. Pain/temp
  2. Touch
  3. Touch
  4. 2 Point Discrimination (MEISNER’s corpuscle)
  5. Vibration (PACINIAN**)
  6. Stretch pressure
  7. Joint Position
  8. Limb muscle, stretch
  9. Muscle Tension
56
Q

What receptor is responsible for 2 point discrimination?

A

Meisner’s Corpusle

  • fast adapting
  • encapsulated
57
Q

What receptor is responsible for vibration?

A

PACINIAN

  • fast adapting
  • encapsulated
58
Q

What two receptors are responsible for touch? Are they Encapsulated? Slow or Rapid adapting?

A

Merkel’s DIs & Hair follicle

NOT ENCAPSULATED

  • Merkel’s = slow
  • Hair follicle = FAST
59
Q

What are the 3 fast adapting receptors?

A
  1. Hair follicle
  2. Meisner’s corpuscle
  3. Pacinian Corpuscle

SHB - Exam 3 (21 decks)

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