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SHB - Exam 3 > Brainstem Anatomy > Flashcards

Brainstem Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the reticular formation?

A

maintenance of consciousness

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2
Q

What is the only cranial nerve not attached to the brainstem?

A

CN 1

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3
Q

What are the 3 important contents of the medulla?

A

Medulla:

Pyramids
Olives
Fourth Ventricle

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4
Q

What are the 4 important contents of the pons?

A

Pons:

  1. Basal Pons
  2. Middle Cerebellar
  3. Peduncle
  4. Part of 4th ventricle
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5
Q

What are the 4 important contents of the midbrain?

A

Midbrain:

Inferior/Superior Colliculi

Superior Cerebellar Peduncle

Cerebral Peduncle

Cerebral AQUEDUCT

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6
Q

What are the following associated with in the brainstem?

  1. Superior Cerebellar Peduncle (SCP)
  2. MCP
  3. ICP
A
  1. Midbrain
  2. Pons
  3. Medulla
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7
Q

What forms the following areas of the Posterior Fossa?

  1. Floor
  2. Roof
  3. Brain Divisions
A
  1. Floor = Occipital & Temporal Bone
  2. Roof = Tentorium
  3. Cerebellum & Brainstem
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8
Q

Where does CN 3 emerge from? What can crush it? What kind of gaze would it create

A

INTERPEDUNCULAR FOSSA

  1. Uncus
  2. Lateral gaze
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9
Q

What is the mesencephalon?

A

Midbrain

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10
Q

What is another term for the Cerebral peduncles? For the Inferior & Superior Colliculi?

A
  1. Crus Cerebri
  2. Corpora Quadrigemina OR
    Tectum
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11
Q

Which colliculi are involved with hearing? Vision? Which use the medial & lateral geniculates coming from the Thalamus?

A

SLO AIM

Superior Colliculi uses the Lateral Geniculate for OPTIC functions (vision)

Inferior Colliculi uses MEDIAL Geniculate for Auditory function

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12
Q

Which cerebellar peduncles are afferent? Efferent?

A

Superior = EFFERENT (VSCT)
Middle & Inferior = Afferent

(inferior for DSCT &CCT)

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13
Q

Where are the cerebral peduncles located? What do they connect? What fibers do they contain?

A

Midbrain

  • connect cerebrum with brainstem & SPINAL CORD
  • MYLENATED fibers (white matter - appear black in stain)
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14
Q

What are the fibers call that are leaving the Olive of the medulla and traveling to the cerebellum?

A

Climbing fibers

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15
Q

Where do the CST fibers decussate? What kind of cells are in the CST?

A
  • in the pyramidal tract of the MEDULLA

- Pyramidal cells (Betz cells)

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16
Q

Where is the tentorium located? What meningeal layer is it composed of?

A

POSTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA

  • DURA
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17
Q

What structures are lateral to the 3rd ventricle? What does the 4th ventricle look like?

A

THALAMUS

  • diamond shaped
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18
Q

Where do the following nerves originate from

3, 4 , 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12

A 
3 = Interpeduncular fossa
4 = DORSUM of brain (only one that crosses the brain as well)
5 = Basal Pons
6 = pontomedullary junction
7,8,9 = pontomedullary angle
10 = dorsal to OLIVE
12 = ventral to OLIVE(front)

11 = from cervical spinal cord on the side

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19
Q

What must be ripped off for us to see the 4th ventricle?

A

Cerebellum

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20
Q

Which gland (pituitary/pineal) is ventral? Dorsal?

A

Pituitary = ventral

pineal = dorsal

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21
Q

Where does the pineal gland project?

A

Dorsally by the 3rd ventricle

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22
Q

What is located near the thalamus and concerned with vision?

A

PULVINAR

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23
Q

What is the function of mamillary bodies? How are they connected to the hippocampus? Are they found ventrally or dorsally?

A

MEMORY

  • connected via FORNIX
  • degenerate with alcoholism*
    VENTRAL
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24
Q

What are the 6 major structures found in a cross section of the CAUDAL MEDULLA (low)?

A
  1. Pyramids
  2. Internal Arcuate Fibers (decussating in medulla)
  3. N. Gracilis
  4. N. Cuneatus
  5. Spinal tract & Nucleus of 5
  6. Medial Lemniscus
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25
Q

What vertebral levels are the following associated with:

  1. F. Gracilis
  2. F. Cuneatus
  3. Nucleus Dorsalis (Clark’s Nucleus)
A
  1. C8-L3
  2. C1- C7, T1-T6
  3. C8-L2

(F. Cuneatus takes over

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26
Q

What helps afferent fibers reach Clark’s Nucleus (Dorsalis) at the level of L3 & lower?

A

F. Gracilis (LEGS = low)

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27
Q

What helps us feel pain & sensation on the face?

A

Spinal Trigeminal Tract & Nucleus

  • from PONS
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28
Q

Where does the spinal trigeminal tract descend from? What ganglion does it pass?

A

PONS

  • down to cervical cord to synapse on Spinal Trigeminal nucleus
  • SEMILUNAR GANGLION
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29
Q

What are the 4 major structures in the cross section of the ROSTRAL MEDULLA?

A
  1. Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle
  2. Inferior Olivary Nucleus
  3. Open 4th ventricle
  4. MLF
30
Q

What is the function of MLF?

A

coordinates the nuclei of 3,4,6 with each other & spinal reflexes

31
Q

What are the 5 major structures in the cross section of the CAUDAL Pons?

A
  1. Deep Cerebellar Nuclei
  2. Basal Pons
  3. Pontine Nuclei
  4. Ponto-cerebellar fibers (mossy)
  5. MIDDLE Cerebellar Peduncle
32
Q

What are the 4 Deep Cerebellar Nuclei, (medial to lateral)

A

Fat Guys Eat Donuts

  1. Fastigal
  2. Globose
  3. Emboliform
  4. Dentate
33
Q

What are the 4 major structures in the cross section of the ROSTRAL Pons?

A
  1. Basal pons
  2. beginning of PAG
  3. Medial Lemniscus preparing to enter thalamus
  4. STT entering VPL
  • SCP prepares to cross
34
Q

Where does the SCP prepare to cross? (enters) Where does it cross?

A

Rostral Pons

  • Caudal Midbrain
35
Q

What are the 4 major structures in the cross section of the CAUDAL MIDBRAIN?

A
  1. Crossing of SCP (VSCT)
  2. Inferior Colliculi
  3. Cerebral Peduncle
  4. TRUE AQUEDUCT
36
Q

What tract runs in the center of the Crus Cerebri/ Cerebral Peduncle?

37
Q

What are the 4 major structures in the cross section of the ROSTRAL MIDBRAIN?

A
  1. Cerebral Peduncle
  2. CN 3
  3. SUbstantia Nigra
  4. Red Nucleus

(& superior Colliculi)

38
Q

Degeneration of which part of the brain leads to Parkinsons? Which neurotransmitter is released in this area?

A

SUBSTANTIA NIGRA

  • dopamine
39
Q

What are the neurotransmitters associated with the following brainstem nuclei?

  1. Raphe
  2. Locus Cereleus
  3. Substantia Nigra & VTA
  4. Nucleus Basalis of Meynert & Septal Nuclei
A
  1. Seratonin
  2. Noradrenaline
  3. DOPAMINE
  4. Acetylcholine
40
Q

Which neurotransmitter level is low in Alzheimer’s disease? Which nuclei does this originate from?

A
  1. Acetylcholine

2. Nucleus Basalis of Meyner & Septal Nuclei

41
Q

Where does the Medial Lemniscus form?

A

Caudal medulla

42
Q

Where is the inferior olivary nucleus & part of the 4th ventricle found?

A

ROSTRAL MEDULLA

43
Q

Where is the middle cerebellar peduncle found?

A

Caudal Pons

44
Q

Where is the red nucleus & substantia nigra found?

A

ROSTRAL MIDBRAIN

45
Q

Where does the spinal trigeminal tract descend before it synapses on the spinal trigeminal nucleus?

A

from Pons to Cervical cord

46
Q

What fibers make up the IAF? Which tract/pathway is associated with this?

A

F. CUneatus & F. Gracilis

  • DCP - dorsal column pathway
47
Q

What nucleus is equivalent to the Spinal Trigeminal N. of 5?

A

Nucleus Proprius of the STT (spinothalamic tract)

  • associated with pain & sensation
48
Q

Where does the Medial Lemniscus prepare to enter the Thalamus (which rostral/caudal level of brainstem)

A

ROSTRAL PONS

49
Q

What is the periaqueductal grey responsible for?

A

Modulation of pain

50
Q

What cells does the CST originate from?

A

PYRAMIDAL CELLS

51
Q

What is responsible for the following:

  1. Control of Movement
  2. Modulates pain pathway
  3. Autonomic Reflex Circuitry
  4. Controls arousal and consciousness
A

RETICULAR FORMATION

52
Q

What nucleus has extensive CNS projections and can adjust background level sensitivity? Where is it found n the brainstem?

A

LOCUS CERULEUS

  • BLU DOT special
  • found in the PONS
53
Q

What are the white fibers that decussate in the Caudal Midbrain , in between lies the VTA?

A

Superior Cerebellar Peduncle

54
Q

Which region is the raphe found? What levels may it adjust?

A

Caudal Pons

  • levels of attention or arousal
55
Q

What are 2 key nuclei in the basal forebrain? Where to they project?

A
  1. Basal N. of Meyner - CEREBRUM

2. Septal Nuclei - HIPPOCAMPUS

56
Q

SE Raphe’s Substantial Dopey blue NE’s

A 
Raphe—Serotonin
Substantia Nigra—dopamine
Locus Ceruleus (blue)—noradrenalin
57
Q

Uncle Meynert has trouble remembering to move his cholinergics

A

Basal nucleus of Meynert contains cholinergic (ach) containing neurons which, when damaged, may cause the memory destroying disease called Alzheimer’s

58
Q

Which arteries are responsible for Wallenburg Syndrome? Which arteries are they branches of?

A

SCA - Basilar
AICA - Basilar
PICA - Vertebral

59
Q

Stroke of which part of the brain is the reason Wallenburg Syndrome developed?

A

Dorsal Lateral Medulla

60
Q

Which artery of the Circle of Willis supplies the medial aspect of the brain? Lateral?

A
  1. Anterior Cerebral A.

2. Middle Cerebral A.

61
Q

Which artery directly feeds the lower medulla?

A

PICA (off of vertebal A.)

  • main artery responsible for Wallenburg
62
Q

What are the symptoms of Lateral Medullary Syndrome of Wallenburg?

A

Balance, taste, speech, pain, Horner’s syndrome

  • loss of pain/sensation on is face
  • loss of pain/sensation on contralateral side of LOWER BODY
63
Q

What is found below T6?

A

F. Gracilis

No cuneatus

64
Q

Where does the Corticospinal Tract reside in the cervical spinal cord?

A

Lateral Funiculus

65
Q

Where do the pyramids cross?

A

CAUDAL MEDULLA (lowest –> CST)

66
Q

The lateral cuneate nucleus plays a role in which tract? What functions is this tract responsible for?

A

CCT

  • unconscious proprioception
67
Q

The cochlear nucleus are found on which peduncle?

A

Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle

68
Q

The caudal pons has which CN nuclei?

69
Q

Which brainstem level are the following located in:

  1. Red Nucleus
  2. Inferior Colliculi
  3. Nucleus Gracilis
  4. Inferior Olivary nucleus
  5. Decussation of Superior Cerebellar Peduncles
A
  1. Rostral Midbrain
  2. Caudal Midbrain
  3. Caudal Medulla
  4. Rostral Medulla
  5. Caudal Midbrain
70
Q

Which artery supplies the following:

  1. Olive
  2. Basal Pons
  3. Middle Cerebellar Peduncle
  4. Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle
  5. Cerebral Peduncle
A
  1. PICA, vertebral
  2. Basilar A.
  3. AICA
  4. PICA
  5. Posterior Cerebral

SHB - Exam 3 (21 decks)

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