Cerebral Cortex 1 Flashcards
What is the general function of the cerebral cortex?
Analyze, plan, initiate responses
- personality of a person
What groove separates the FRONTAL from the Parietal lobe?
Rolandic fissure/Central Sulcus
What fissure separates Temporal from Parietal lobe?
Sylvian fissure
- Lateral Sulcus*
What is the gyrus above corpus callosum?
Cingulate gyrus
What visual field is covered by the lower aspect of the Calcarine FIssure/Sulcus?
UPPER visual field
The reticular system of the cerebral cortex is responsible for what?
Adjust the level of responsiveness
Where are most of the neurons in the brain found?
CEREBELLUM!!
- not the Cerebral cortex
How many layers is the Neocortex composed of?
6 layers
What type of cells are the only cells to LEAVE THE CORTEX and are the major cells in the brain? What do these look like?
PYRAMIDAL cells
- long apical dendrites
- excitatory (use Glutamate)
-DENDRITIC SPINES ARE MODIFIED BY LEARNING
What type of cells are inhibitory (use Gaba)?
Non- pyramidal
What are large pyramidal cells in the neocortex called? Small neurons?
- AGRANULAR = large pyramidal
2. Granular = small neurons
Where do most pyramidal cells (axons) sit in the Neocortex? (which layer)
layer 5
How is the neocortex arranged/organized?
COLUMNS
- similar function = close by
- made up of Radioglial cells (give rise to neurons)
What is the largest connection of the brain?
Corpus Callosum
Which part of the corpus callous is found in the FRONTAL lobe? the occipital/temporal lobes?
- Genu
2. SPlenium
What commissure connects the temporal lobes together & olfactory components?
Anterior Commissure
What is one commissure that does NOT receive fibers from the Corpus Callosum?
- Anterior Comissure
What is an important association bundle/fasciculus that wraps around the corpus callosum?
Cingulum
think cingulate gyrus is in the same location
What is the fasciculus/association bundle that connects Broca’s Area to Wiernecke’s area?
Superior Longitudinal
OR
Arcuate Fasciculus
Define primary neocortical areas. What are the 5 major ones?
- Primary motor
- Primary somatosensory
- Primary Visual
- Primary Auditory
- Primary Gustatory
- input from thalamic nuclei & output to brainstem & spinal cord
- Precentral (4) - VA/VL
- Postcentral (312) - VPL
- Calcarine - Area 17 - Lateral Geniculate
- Transverse Temporal Gyrus - Area 41
- medial geniculate - Primary Gustatory - Insula (anterior)
What does the insult do?
SMELL
What is the only sense that does not go to the thalamus?
SMELL
What are unimodal association areas?
More complex response functions
- less precise body maps
- injury can cause Agnosia
What are Association area are the following related to?
- Premotor (6)
- Supplementory Motor (6)
- Somatosensory (5,7)
- Visual (18,19)
UNIMODAL association areas
What association area provides the HIGH LEVEL INTELLECTUAL FUNCTIONS?
MULTIMODAL
Injury to Multimodal association areas can cause what?
- Apraxia (motor)
2. Neglect (sensory)
Which association area is the Parieto-occipital temporal region?
Multimodal
-sensory areas but also input from pulvinar
Injury to the right inferior parietal lobule can cause what? What about the left parietal area?
RIGHT = NEGLECT
LEFT = Apraxia
What is neglect syndrome?
Someone who has normal sensation but will neglect other stimuli or things occurring in that area
(multimodal)
What is apraxia?
Individual have underlying strength, but cannot perform a complicated activity
Do the multimodal association areas have homunculus distributions?
NO
- but are functionally interrelated
What are the 3 main multimodal association areas?
- Parieto-occipital-temporal region
- Prefrontal Area
- Limbic area
Where is EXECUTIVE function found in the multimodal association areas?Where is emotional & drive related behaviors?
- Prefrontal area
- working memory & decision making - Limbic Area
Most of the brain is which association area?
MULTIMODAL
What kind of syndrome results from white matter interfering between connections of the 2 cerebral hemispheres?
Disconnection Syndrome
What is an example of a disconnection syndrome? What are the symptoms of this syndrome?
Alexia without Agraphia
- can write, but cannot read
- visual system is affected as well (cannot see right side)
- in LEFT Hemisphere
Which hemisphere contains Broca’s Area & Wiernecke’s area? What connects these 2 areas?
LEFT Hemisphere
- Arcuate Fasciculus
Which area is responsible for Motor Functions of speech? For comprehension of speech?
- Broca (frontal lobe)
2. WIernecke’s (parietal lobe)
A stroke in the occipital lobe would most like be which artery?
Posterior Cerebral Artery
