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SHB - Exam 3 > Brain Intro > Flashcards

Brain Intro Flashcards

1
Q

What are the principal cellular elements of the nervous system?

A
  1. Neurons

2. Glial Cells

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2
Q

What is salutatory conduction?

A

Charge skips from Node to Node

-conduction of the impulse is accelerated

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3
Q

Describe the following:

  1. Node
  2. Internode
  3. Myelin
  4. Dendrites
  5. Axons
  6. Cell body
A
  1. Node - gaps in between myelin sheaths
  2. Internode - area between two nodes (sheathed in myelin)
  3. Myelin - GLIAL covering to speed contraction
  4. Dendrites - site of most synaptic inputs
  5. Axons - conducts action potentials to other neurons
  6. Cell body - makes & packages macromolecules
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4
Q

What are the main components of the neuron?

A
  1. Cell membrane
  2. Nucleus
  3. Nuclear Membrane
  4. Organelles
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5
Q

What is white matter & gray matter composed of?

A

white = axons

grey = cell bodies (full of rough Er, protein machinery)

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6
Q

What are the 6 categories of neurons?

A
  1. Sensory
  2. Motor
  3. Pre-ganglionic autonomic
  4. Post-ganglionic
  5. Local Interneurons
  6. Projection
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7
Q

Which horn processes sensory info?

A

Dorsal horn / POSTERIOR horn

-> ventral horn(motor)

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8
Q

Which component of the neuron has LONG EFFERENT axons?

A

Motor component

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9
Q

Where are pre-ganglionic autonomics located for sympathetic? Parasympathetic?

A

Sympathetic = IML (Lateral horn)

Parasympathetic = next to the organ)

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10
Q

What are projection neurons?

A

When sensory info is received, it synopsis in spinal chord

- relayed to sensory cortex of brain

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11
Q

What are the 4 types of neurons?

A
  1. Multipolar
  2. Bipolar - cell body in middle
  3. Pseudo-unipolar -
  4. Unipolar - no dendrites***
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12
Q

Where are true unipolar axons found? Why are they unique?

A

Found in the retina

  • no dendrites!!
  • influenced by environmental change
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13
Q

What is glia?

A

connective tissue of the CNS

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14
Q

What are oligodendrocytes? What are these called in the periphery?

A
  • mylenate the axons in CNS

- periphral nervous system = SCHWANN cell

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15
Q

What type of cells form a buffer between nerve cell & blood vessels forming the BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER?Which cells provide structural & metabolic support to the BBB?

A

ENDOTHELIAL CELLS w/ tight junctions

Astrocytes!!!

  • offer structural & metabolic support to neurons
  • buffer potassium
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16
Q

What are the principle PNS Glial Cells?

CNS?

A
  1. Schwann Cells
  2. Oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia**
    - help insulate the axons
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17
Q

What are the 2 components of the CNS?

A
  1. Brain

2. Spinal Chord

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18
Q

Where does the long axis of the CNS bend? What happens here? Where is dorsal & ventral after this?

A

Cephalic Flexure

  • dorsal and ventral relationship changes (between brainstem & diencephalon)
  • DORSAL = behind, to back
    Ventral = to belly button
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19
Q

What are the 5 lobes contained in each hemisphere and their primary functions?

A
  1. Frontal - motor
  2. Parietal - somatosensory
  3. Temporal - auditory areas (hearing, speech, memory)
  4. Occipital - visual areas
  5. Limbic - emotion
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20
Q

What is the area of the brain important for movement but NOT part of the Cerebrum?

A

Cerebellum!!!

  • frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal are all part of the cerebrum
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21
Q

What sulcus marks the boundary between sensory and motor cortex? What separates temporal lobe from frontal & parietal?

A
  1. Central Sulcus ( between frontal & parietal)

2. Lateral Sulcus

22
Q

What are the grooves of the brain called? The mountains?

A

groove = SULCUS

mountain = GYRUS

23
Q

What is the function of everything in front of the pre-central gyrus? The post-central gyrus? What splits them?

A

CENTRAL SULCUS splits them

  1. pre-central = sensory
  2. post-central = motor
24
Q

What is the function of the hippocampus? Where is it found?

A

MEMORY

  • deep in TEMPORAL lobe (limbic system)
25
Q

Where is the Calcarine Sulcus found? What does it do?

A

strip in the Occipital Lobe

  • transmits VISUAL INFO
26
Q

Where is the Insula found? What is it the “well spring” of?

A
  • deep in the LATERAL (Sylvian) FISSURE
  • by parts of frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes
    1. social emotions! - lust, disgust, pride, humiliation…etc
  • some ppl w/ damage to this were able to give up cigarettes - research to treat alcoholism, addiction, anxiety etc….
27
Q

What are the two components of the Diencephalon? What is their function?

A
  1. Thalamus - conveys sensory/motor info to the cerebral cortex = RELAY SYSTEM
  2. Hypothalamus - controls autonomic nervous system (Homeostasis = hypo)
28
Q

What are the 3 sections of the Brainstem? What are their functions?

Where is the brainstem found?

A
  1. Midbrain
  2. Pons
  3. Medulla
    - Brainstem is BELOW the diencephalon
29
Q

What structure connects both hemispheres?

A

Corpus Callosum

  • connects left and right brain
30
Q

What is the area within the Ventricle that makes the CSF?

A

Choroid Plexus

31
Q

What are the 3 major Basal Ganglia structures?

The 2 limbic structures?

A
  1. Caudate Nucleus
  2. Putamen
  3. Globus Pallidus

Limbic:

  1. Amygdala (emotion)
  2. Hippocampus (memory)
32
Q

What are the 3 components of the lateral ventricles? How does CSF leave the brain? What cells make CSF?

A 
Ventricles are fluid filled
comprosed of
1. Posterior
2. Inferior
3. Anterior Horns

CSF leaves the brain via MEDIAL & LATERAL apertures

  • EPENDYMAL CELLS make sf
33
Q

What connects the 3rd ventricle to the fourth ventricle?

A

Cerebral Aqueduct

34
Q

What lies medial to the internal capsule? Lateral?

A

Medial = Thalamus

Lateral = Putamen & Globus Pallidus

35
Q

Where is the caudate nucleus found?

A

Lateral Wall of the Lateral Ventricle **

36
Q

What is found above the internal capsule? Below?

A
  1. Caudate Nucleus

2 & 3 - Putamen + Globus Pallidus

37
Q

What is found in closest proximity to the Caudate Nucleus? What is its function?

A

STRIA TERMINALIS (basically follows Caudate’s path)

  • major EFFERENT pathway (motor)
38
Q

What are the 3 components of the basal ganglia? Where are they found?

A
  1. Caudate
  2. Putamen
  3. Globus Pallidus
  • found deep in the brain
    (collections of cells)
39
Q

What is found wedged between the basal ganglia? (C-shape) What is at the end?

A
  1. Thalamus

2. At the end of caudate = Amygdala!!!

40
Q

What are the 4 major parts of the cerebellum? What is its function?

A
  1. Anterior Lobe
  2. Posterior Lobe
  3. Flocculondular lobe
  4. Vermis - center

Function: play a role in planning and execution of MOVEMENT!

41
Q

How is the cerebellum connected to the brainstem?

A

Inferior, Middle & Superior Cerebellar peduncles!

42
Q

What are the 4 bumps on the back of the BRAINSTEM called? What is the function of the superior and inferior sections?

A

Superior Colliculi & Inferior Colliculi

together = Corpora Quadrigemina

Superior = Vision
Inferior = Hearing
43
Q

Which lobe is Broca’s area found? What is it responsible for?

A

Broca’s area is in the FRONTAL lobe

  • responsible for motor aspects of speech
44
Q

Which lobe is the PRE-central gyrus found in? Post-central gyrus? Function of each?

A
  1. Pre-central = FRONTAL lobe
    - voluntary movement of muscles of body & head
  2. Post-Central = PARIETAL
    - somatosensory sensation
45
Q

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

A

Auditory perception, detection of moving bodies, recognition of faces

46
Q

What is the function of the OCCIPITAL lobe?

A

Visual Perception

47
Q

Which lobe is is Wernicke’s area found? Function?

A

PARIETAL lobe

  • receptive INTEGRATION of speech!

(broca’s = motor aspects of speech)

48
Q

What are the 3 ventricles of the brain? What connects them? What is their function?

A
  1. Lateral
  2. Third
  3. Fourth Ventricle

Lateral connected to 3rd by INTERVENTRICULAR FORAMEN of Monroe
3rd connected to 4th by the CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT

  • flow of CSF throughout CNS
    (provide electrolytes & metabolites)
49
Q

What is the cerebellum responsible for?

A

Balance, coordination, integrates motor function of CNS

50
Q

What is the midbrain, pons, and medulla or the brainstem responsible for? (which cranial nerves falls in each?)

A

Transmission & regulation of sensory, motor, & AUTONOMIC function for the following cranial nerves?

  1. Midbrain - 3 & 4
  2. Pons - 5, 6, 7
  3. Medulla - 8, 9, 10, 12

SHB - Exam 3 (21 decks)

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