Cereral cortex 2 Flashcards
Which hemisphere is language localized in?
LEFT
What nucleus maintains circadian rhythm?
Suprachiasmatic
What is the organization of the Reticular formation?
3 neurons
- Midline = RAPHE (aminergic - seratonin)
- Paramedial - EFFERENT
- Lateral - AFFERENT
What is the structure in the middle of the reticular formation that secretes Serotonin?
Raphe Nuclei
Which layer/area of the cortex are pyramidal cells found?
Found in LAYER 5
- project info out of the cerebral cortex
If there was damage to Broca’s area what would be the symptoms?
- NO VERBAL FLUENCY
- poor verbal repetition
- GOOD VERBAL COMPREHENSION
- poor verbal naming
If there was damage to Wernicke’s area what would be the symptoms?
- VERBAL FLUENCY
- poor verbal repetition
- poor comprehension
- poor verbal naming
What allows Wernicke’s area to communicate with Broca’s area?
Arcuate Fasciculus
What is the main function of the Reticular Formation?
- COORDINATING SYSTEM
for AUTONOMIC functions -sleep/wakefulness -respiratory cardiovascular -nociception
Which is the sensory zone of the Reticular Formation?
LATERAL zone
What is the effector zone of the Reticular formation? Where does it project?
PARAMEDIAN zone
- spinal cord
-brainstem
central tegmental tract
What NT is VTA responsible for secreting?
DOPAMINE
What does Locus COeruleus secrete?
Noradrenaline
The largest territorial distribution of any CNS neurons is covered by what NT?
SERATONIN
What is the function of the ARAS (Ascending Reticular Activating System)?
- keep you awake & out of REM
- alertness, sleep-wake rhythms, and startle reactions
(if this is non-functioning, e would lose consciousness)
What is consciousness?
State of self awareness in which it is possible to direct attention & manipulate abstract ideas
- dependent on diffuse modulation projections (NT’s)
What secretes OREXIN?
Lateral Hypothalamus
What does the midbrain reticular formation secrete?
Acetylcholine
What is the job of the SUprachiasmatic Nucleus? How does it maintain this?
- maintains circadian rhythms
- calibrated by LIGHT
What are the 3 potential roles of Sleep?
- Consolidation of memory & daily experiences
- Brain growth & development
- Restoration and recovery
When is memory consolidated?
During sleep
The EEG of wakefulness is most similar to what stage of the sleep cycle?
REM
As we sleep, what increases in duration?
REM sleep
Is the following EEG characteristic of REM or NON-Rem
- low amplitude
- fast frequency
- Desynchronized
REM
Is the following EEG characteristic of REM or NON-Rem
- large amplitude
- slow frequency
- synchronized
Non-rem
Most dreams occur in which stage of the sleep cycle?
REM
Increased sympathetic, irregular pulse, and respiration:
REM or Non-REM?
REM!!!
non-rem has increased parasympathetic
-slow, regular pulse & respiration
What are the 3 important structures that help control Wake/Sleep cycles & rem/non-rem?
- Basal Forebrain
- Hypothalamus
- Thalamus
- BRAINSTEM
(raphe, Locus Coeruleus)
The lateral HYPOTHALAMUS secretes what important NT?
OREXIN
What is the role of orexin?
- keep us in WAKE state
2. keep REM from occurring
What is a clinical disorder in which an individual cannot stay awake & collapses?
NARCOLEPSY + Cataplexia
(not enough orexin)
- auto-immune disorder
When the connection between the brain & spinal cord is interrupted, what occurs?
CATAPLEXIA
- collapse randomly
What does the tuberomamillary nucleus release?
HISTAMINE
What does the Basal Forebrain release?
Acetylcholine
What does the Laterodorsal & pedunculopontine segmental Nuclei release?
Acetylcholine
What releases norepinephrine?
Locus Coereleus
What releases dopamine int he cortex?
VTA
