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part 1 boards (US) > Spinal Anatomy + CNS > Flashcards

Spinal Anatomy + CNS Flashcards

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1
Q

What embryological layer does the Vertebral column develop from

A

Mesoderm

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2
Q

Does C7 have a bifid or non bifid spinous process

A

Non-bifid

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3
Q

What direction do the superior cervical facets face

A

Back
Up
Medial

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4
Q

What plane are the superior cervical facets

A

Horizontal

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5
Q

What direction do the superior facets of the thoracics face

A

Back
Up
Lateral

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6
Q

What plane are the superior thoracic facets in

A

Coronal plane

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7
Q

What direction do the superior lumbar facets face

A

Back

Medial

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8
Q

What plane are the superior lumbar facets in

A

Saggital

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9
Q

Which ligament of the vertebral column prevents hyperextension

A

ALL

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10
Q

After C2 what does the PLL continue uppwards as

A

The tectorial membrane

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11
Q

What is the job of the PLL

A

prevent hyperflexion

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12
Q

After C7 what does the supraspinous ligament continue uppwards as

A

Nuchal ligament

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13
Q

What is the job of the supraspinous/ nuchal ligament

A

Prevent hyperflexion

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14
Q

What is the job of the interspinous ligament

A

prevent anterior translation

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15
Q

What ligament of the vertebral column prevent buckling in extension

A

Ligamentum flavum

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16
Q

What vertebral ligament limits lateral bending

A

Intertransverse ligament

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17
Q

What does the alar ligament limit

A

Lateral bending

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18
Q

What does the apical ligament limit

A

Flexion and extension of C2

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19
Q

What does the cruciate ligament do

A

limits lateral translation

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20
Q

In what region of the vertebral column is the IVD the thickest, what region is it the thinnest

A 
Thick = Lumbar
Thin = Thoracic
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21
Q

How many IVD are there in the adult human

A

23

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22
Q

What innervates the posterior outter third of the IVD

A

Sinuvertebral nerve

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23
Q

What innervates the Lateral outter third of the IVD

A

Gray sympathetic rami communican

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24
Q

How does the IVD get nourisment

A

Diffusion

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25
Q

Where is the spinal cannal the smallest, and where is it the largest

A 
Smallest = Thoracics
Largest = cervicals
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26
Q

What vertebral level is the spinal cord the widest

A

C6

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27
Q

What motion do thoracic facets allow

A

Rotation

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28
Q

What motion is restricted in the lumbar spine

A

Lateral bending

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29
Q

Where does the majority of cervical rotation come from

A

C1-C2

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30
Q

What does the majority of flexion and extension of the cervical spine come from

A

Occiput - C1

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31
Q

How would you describe the cervical facet joint capsule

A

Long and loose

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32
Q

What innervates the facet joints

A

Medial branches of the dorsal rami of each segment

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33
Q

what motion is allowed in the upper 6 costovertebral joints

A

Pump handle action

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34
Q

What motion is allowed in the upper 6 costotransverse joints

A

Rotation

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35
Q

What motion is allowed in the lower 6 costovertebral joitns

A

Bucket handle action

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36
Q

What motion is allowed in the lower 6 costotransverse joints

A

Gliding

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37
Q

What are the 3 parallel groups of erector spinae mucles

A

Iliocostalis (I)
longissimus (love)
Spinalis (spinal)

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38
Q

What is special about the multifidus muscle

A

It is loaded with mechanoreceptors

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39
Q

What is the purpose of the intertransversarii and interspinales muscles

A

Mechanoreception (lots of spindle fibers)

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40
Q

What embryological structure is the spinal cord derived from

A

Neural tube (Ectoderm)

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41
Q

What vertebral level does the dural sac end

A

S2

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42
Q

What part of the dural sac becomes part of the coccygeal ligament

A

Filum terminale externa

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43
Q

What two layers of the dural sac continue with spinal nerves as the pass through the IVF

A

Dura

Arachnoid matter

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44
Q

Proprioceptive, vibration, fine touch fibers of the upper limb synapse in what ascending tract

A

Gracilis

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45
Q

Proprioceptive, vibration, fine touch fibers of the lower limb synapse in what ascending tract

A

Cuneatus

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46
Q

What type of information is carried in the spinothelamic tract

A

Pain
Temperature
crude touch

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47
Q

What descending tract does not carry motor information

A

Raphespinal tract

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48
Q

Which ascending spinal tract does not cross at all

A

Dorsal spinocerebellar

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49
Q

Which ascending spinal tract crosses twice

A

Ventral spinocerebellar

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50
Q

Where dose the tract gracilis and cuneatus cross

A

Medulla

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51
Q

Which descending tracts do not cross

A

Vestibulospinal tract

Raphespinal tract

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52
Q

Which descending tracts deal with voluntary movement

A

Lateral Corticospinal tract (limbs)

Ventral corticospinal tract (head,neck)

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53
Q

Which descending tract excites flexors and inhibits extensors

A

Rubrospinal tract

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54
Q

Which descending tract excites extensors

A

Vestibulospinal

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55
Q

Which descending tract is involved in turning the head in response to sound or light

A

Tectospinal

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56
Q

Which descending tract restricts voluntary movement

A

Rubrospinal tract

57
Q

Which descending tract is inhibits nociception with serotonin

A

Raphespinal

58
Q

which horn of the spinal cord is sensory

A

Dorsal

59
Q

Which horn of the spinal cord is motor

A

Ventral

60
Q

Which horn of the spinal cord is Sympathetic

A

Lateral

61
Q

Which lamina of the spinal cord is also known as the substantia gelatinosa

A

Lamina II

62
Q

Which lamina of the spinal cord is also known as the nucleus porprius

A

Lamina III

Lamina IV

63
Q

Which lamina contains Clarkes nucleus

A

Lamina VII

64
Q

Which lamina is known as the grey commissure

A

Lamina X

65
Q

What artery supplies the lower 1/2 of the spinal cord (arises on the left)

A

Great Radicular artery of adamkiewicz

66
Q

What artery supplies the anterior two thirds of the spinal cord

A

Single anterior spinal artery

67
Q

What artery supplies the posterior one-third of the spinal cord

A

Two posterior spinal arteries

68
Q

What are signs of an upper motor neuron lesion

A

Hyperreflexia
Spastic muscles
Positive babinski sign

69
Q

What are signs of a lower motor neuron lesion

A

Hyporeflexia
Flacid muscles
Atrophy
Negative babinski sign

70
Q

What are the three brain vesicles

A

Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon

71
Q

What gives rise to the cerebral hemispheres

A

telecephalon (prosencephalon)

72
Q

What gives rise to the thalamus, epithalamus and subthalamic nuclei

A

Diencephalon (prosencephalon)

73
Q

What gives rise to the midbrain

A

Mesencephalon

74
Q

What gives rise to the pons and cerebellum

A

Metencephalon (rhombencephalon)

75
Q

What gives rise to the medulla and 4th ventricle

A

Myelencephalon (rhombencephalon)

76
Q

What are the connective cells in the CNS

A

Astrocytes
Ependymal cells
Oligodendrocytes + Schwann cells

77
Q

What cells make CSF

A

Ependymal cells

78
Q

What cells help form the blood brian barrier

A

Astrocytes

79
Q

What cells produce myelin

A 
Oligodendrocytes (CNS)
Schwann cells (PNS)
80
Q

What fibers connect areas of the brain in the same hemisphere

A

Assoication fibers

81
Q

What fiber connect areas on either side of the brain or spinal cord

A

Commissural fibers

82
Q

What fibers connect the brain to spinal cord

A

Projection fibers

83
Q

Is the middle cerebral artery a part of the circle of willis

A

no

84
Q

What vessel of the circle of willis is the terminal branch of the basilar arery

A

Posterior Cerebral artery

85
Q

What vessel of the circle of willis is the terminal end of the internal carotid artery

A

Posterior communication artery

86
Q

What artery supplies the medulla

A

Vertebral artery

87
Q

What artery supplies the pons

A

Basilar artery

88
Q

What regulates blood supply to the brain

A

CO2, high levels cause vasodilation

89
Q

What artery supplies the medial aspect of the cerebral hemispheres

A

Anterior cerebral artery

90
Q

What artery supplies the occipital lobe, midbran, and thalamus

A

Posterior cerebral artery

91
Q

What artery supplies the upper temporal lobe

A

middle cerebral artery

92
Q

Where are the bipolar neurons of CN I located

A

Olfactory mucosa

93
Q

Where is the olfactory cortex located

A

Temporal lobe

94
Q

What part of the brain links smells with the autonomic NS

A

Hypothalamus

95
Q

What part of the brain links smells with emotions

A

Limbic system

96
Q

Where is the primary visual cortex

A

Brodman area 17 (Occipital lobe)

97
Q

Does the optic nerve send information to the lateral or medial geniculate body

A

Lateral geniculate body

98
Q

What nuclei receives parasympathetic fibers from the occulomotor nerve (CN III). What does it do

A

Ciliary ganglion

Constriction of pupil

99
Q

What CN is the only one that exits the brain dorsally

A

CN IV (Trochlear nerve)

100
Q

What muscles is innervated by the trochlear nerve

A

Superior oblique

101
Q

What muscle is innervated by the abducens (CN VI) nerve

A

Lateral rectus

102
Q

What are the three branches of the Trigeminal nerve (CN V)

A

Opthalmic
Maxillary
Mandibular

103
Q

Where does the Opthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve exit the skull

A

Superior orbital fissure

104
Q

Where does the Maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve exit the skull

A

Foramen rotundum

105
Q

Where does the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve exit the skull

A

Foramen ovale

106
Q

What are the branches of the opthalmic division trigeminal

A

Lacrimal
Ethmoid
Frontal
Trochlear

107
Q

What are the branches of the maxillary division trigeminal

A

Pharyngeal
Infraorbital
Nasopalatine
Zygomatic

108
Q

where does the pterygopalatine gangion receive parasympathetic fibers from

A

Superior salivary nucleus

109
Q

Where does the otic ganglion receive parasympathetic fibers from

A

Inferior salivary nucleus

110
Q

Where does the submandibular ganglion receive parasympathetic fibers from

A

Superior salivary nucleus

111
Q

Where does the Facial nerve (CN VII) leave the brain

A

Pontomedullary angle

112
Q

Where does the facial nerve (CN VII) receive parasympathetic fibers from

A

superior salivary nucleus

113
Q

What nucleus of the facial nevre (CN VII) deals with taste

A

Solitary tract nucleus

114
Q

What are the branches of the facial nerve (CN VII)

A 
Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Marginal mandibular
Cervical
115
Q

What CN gives sweet and salty sensation from the tongue

A

CN VII (facial)

116
Q

What CN gives bitter sensation from the tongue

A

CN IX (Glossopharyngeal nerve)

117
Q

What are the two parts of the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)

A

Cochlear (hearing)

Vestibular (balance

118
Q

Which geniculate body does the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)send cochlear fiber to

A

Medial genicualte

119
Q

What do the semicircular canals sence

A

Angular acceleration

120
Q

What does the urticle sense

A

Linear acceleration in horizontal plane

121
Q

What does the saccule sense

A

Linear acceleration in vertical plane

122
Q

What muscle does the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) supply

A

Stylopharyngeous

123
Q

What gives taste to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

124
Q

What CN innvervates the parotid gland

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

125
Q

What CN innvervates the carotid body and sinue

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

126
Q

What CN gives taste to the base of the tongue

A

CN X (vagus)

127
Q

Where does the vagus leave the skull

A

Jugular foramen

128
Q

Does the vagus carry mainly afferent or efferent fibers

A

mainly afferent

129
Q

What are the two parts of the spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)

A

Cranial

Spinal

130
Q

What nerve does the cranial portion of CN XI (spinal accessory) join up with to supply the palat, pharynx and larynx

A

Vagus nerve

131
Q

Where does the spinal accessory nerve leave the skull

A

Jugular forament

132
Q

Where does the spinal portion of the spinal accessory nerve enter the skull (just before joining the cranial portion)

A

Foramen magnum

133
Q

What CN supplies all intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue except the palatoglossus

A

Hypoglossal (CN XII)

134
Q

What nerve supplies the palatoglossus

A

Pharyngeal plexus of the vagus (CN X)

135
Q

Where does the hypoglossal nerve exit the skull

A

Hypoglossal foramen

136
Q 
Which of the following cranial nerves is not found in the pons
A) CN IV (Trochlear)
B) CN VII (Facial)
C) CN V (Trigeminal)
D) CN VI (Abducens)
A

A) CN IV (Trochlear)

137
Q

Where does the facial nerve (CN VII) enter the skull

A

Internal acoustic meatus

138
Q

Where does the facial nerve (CN VII) exit the skull

A

Stylomastoid foramen

part 1 boards (US) (12 decks)

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