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part 1 boards (US) > Chemistry > Flashcards

Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is it called when a molecule loses an electron

A

Oxidation

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2
Q

What is it called when a molecule gains an electron

A

Reduction

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3
Q

What is it called when a molecule gains an inorganic phosphate

A

Phosphorlyation

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4
Q

What does a kinase do

A

Transfers a phosphate group from one molecule to another

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5
Q

What does a ligase do

A

Joins two molecules together

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6
Q

What does a transferase do

A

Transfers the functional group from one molecule to another

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7
Q

What is hydrolysis

A

Addition of water to a molecule

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8
Q

What component of a chemical reaction is proportional to the Vmax

A

Enzyme concentration

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9
Q

What is the required substrate concentration to achieve 1/2 Vmax

A

Kmax, (michaelis-menten constant)

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10
Q

What type of enzyme inhibitor binds to the active site of an enzyme

A

Competitive

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11
Q

What type of enzyme inhibitor reduces Vmax and doens’t bind to the active site

A

Non-competitive

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12
Q

What type of enzyme regulator binds to the allosteric site

A

Allosteric regulator

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13
Q

What kind of bone is formed between a fatty acid and a glycerol

A

Ester

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14
Q

What kind of bond forms between two sugars

A

Glycosidic

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15
Q

What is the rate limiting step in glycolosis

A

PFK

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16
Q

What is the rate limiting step in gluconeogenesis

A

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

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17
Q

What is the rate limiting step in TCA

A

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

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18
Q

what is the rate limiting step in glycogen synthesis

A

GLycogen synthase

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19
Q

What is the rate limiting step in glycogenolysis

A

glycogen phosphorylase

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20
Q

What is the rate limiting step in HMP shunt

A

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

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21
Q

What is the rate limiting step in the urea cycle

A

Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase

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22
Q

What is the rate limiting step in fatty acid synthesis

A

Acetyl-CoA- carboxylase

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23
Q

What is the rate limiting step in fatty acid oxidation

A

Carnitine acyltransferase

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24
Q

What is the rate limiting step in Cholesterol synthesis

A

HMG-CoA reductase

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25
Q

What is Sucrose made up of

A

Glucose and fructose

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26
Q

What is lactose made up of

A

Galactose and glucose

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27
Q

What is maltose made up of

A

Glucose + glucose

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28
Q

Why can we not digest cellulose

A

it has beta 1,4 bonds.

we can digest alpha 1,4 bonds and 1,6 bonds

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29
Q

What enzyme cleaves alpha 1,4 bonds

A

Pancreatic amylase

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30
Q

What is the main fuel for the brain

A

Glucose

can use keytones if it has to

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31
Q

What cells have GLUT-1 transporter

A

Brain
RBC
Placenta
Testis

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32
Q

What cells have GLUT-2 transporters

A

Liver
Kidney
Beta cells (pancreas)

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33
Q

What cells have GLUT-3 transporters

A

neruons

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34
Q

What cells have GLUT-4 transporters

A

Muscles

Adipose cells

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35
Q

Can glycolosis take place in the absence of oxygen

A

yes

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36
Q

where does glycolosis occur

A

cytosol

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37
Q

What enzyme of glycolosis traps glucose in the liver

A

Hexokinase

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38
Q

What inhibits glucokinase

A

fructose-6-phosphate

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39
Q

What is the final regulating enzyme of glycolosis

A

Pyruvate kinase

40
Q

What is the alcohol counterpart of glucose that is made as an alternative way of dealing with excess glucose

A

Sorbitol

41
Q

What is the danger associated with sorbitol

A

Can damage the renta, lens and schwann cells

Cataracts
retinopathy
peripheral neuropathy

42
Q

What pathway synthesizes glucose

A

Gluconeogenesis

43
Q

What is the purpose of gluconeogenesis

A

Maintain blood glucose in the fasted state by reversing glycolosis

44
Q

Where does gluconeogenesis take place

A

the cytosol of the liver (first step is in the mitochondria)

45
Q

What is used to make pyruvate during gluconeogenesis

A

Lactate

Alanine

46
Q

how much ATP does gluconeogenesis use

A

6 ATP

47
Q

What coenzyme is essential for gluconeogenesis to occur

A

Biotin

48
Q

Does the krebs cycle occur in aerobic or anaerobic conditions

A

aerobic

49
Q

What is the main molecule in the krebs cycle

A

Acetyl-CoA

50
Q

What is produced from the krebs cycle

A

3 NADH
2 CO2
1 FADH2
1 GTP

51
Q

In the ETC, NADH gets converted into how many ATP

A

3

52
Q

In the ETC, FADH2 gets converted into how many ATP

A

2

53
Q

Does the Krebs cycle produce ATP

A

No, it makes molecules that can turn into ATP through the ETC

54
Q

How can oxaloacetate cross from the cytosol into the mitochondria

A

Has to be turned into malate

55
Q

How can oxaloacetate cross from the mitochondria into the cytosol

A

Has to be turned into aspartate

56
Q

What cycle helps to prevent lactic acid build up in muscles

A

Cori cycle

57
Q

What pathway is CoQ-10 foud in

A

ETC

58
Q

How much energy does the Cori cycle use up

A

4 ATP

59
Q

What is the process of the Cori cycle

A

Turn Lactic acid into pyruvate, transfer it from muscle to liver. Live turns pyruvate into glucose and transports it back into the muscle

60
Q

What is the purpose of the pentose phosphate pathway

A

produce NADPH

61
Q

What is NADPH used for

A

Fatty acid oxidation
Detoxification
protection from free radicals

62
Q

Where does the pentose phosphate pathway take place

A

In the cytosol

63
Q

Is there a gain or a loss of ATP from the pentose phosphate pathway

A

no

64
Q

Where is the majority of glycogen stored

A

Liver

Muscles

65
Q

What is the advantage of having lots of reducing ends in glycogen

A

Increase synthesis rate
increase degradation rate
increase solubility

66
Q

What does VLDL do

A

Transports fat from Liver to tissues

67
Q

What do Chylomicrons do

A

Transport dietary lipids from SI to other locations in the body

68
Q

What is LDL

A

Bad cholesterol, trans form

69
Q

What is HDL

A

Good cholesterol, Cis form

70
Q

DO saturated fats have double bonds

A

no

71
Q

What types of fats are Omega-3 and Omega-6

A

Unsaturated

72
Q

Where are fatty acids broken down

A

Mitochondria of adipocytes

73
Q

What are the 4 steps of beta oxidation

A

Reduction (FAD)
Hydration
reduction (NAD)
cleavage

74
Q

Where does keytone body synthesis occur

A

Mitochondria of hepatocytes

75
Q

What molecule is formed when two acetyl CoA enzymes condense

A

Acetoacetyl CoA

76
Q

During Keytone synthesis what is HMG CoA turned into

A

Acetyl CoA

acetoacetate

77
Q

Acetoacetate during keytone synthesis is broken down into acetate and acetyl CoA. Which of those two substances can be smelt on the breath of a diabetic

A

Acetate (smells fruity)

78
Q

What causes the body to undergo keytone synthesis

A

Rapid B-oxidation due to starvation or fasting

When fatty acid concentration is high in the blood

79
Q

What is the process of building up fatty acids

A

Lipogenesis

80
Q

Once glycogen stores are full what does glucose get turned into

A

Acetyl CoA –> Malonyl CoA –> Fatty Acids

81
Q

Where in the body does fatty acid synthesis take place

A

Cytosol of the liver, adipose, kidney

82
Q

Cholesterol produces what type of hormone

A

Steroid hormone

83
Q

What does HMG CoA reductase do in steroid hormone synthesis

A

Convert HMG CoA into Mevalonic acid

84
Q

Where is Acetyl CoA converted into Cholesterol

A

The liver

85
Q

What drugs lower cholesterol levels in blood

A

Statins

86
Q

What steroid hormone is estrogen derived from

A

testosterone

87
Q

What steroid hormone is testosterone derived from

A

Androstenedione

88
Q

What amino acid is a derivative of Serotonin and Melatonin

A

Tryptophan

89
Q

What amino acid is a derivative of creatinine and Nitric Ozide

A

Arginine

90
Q

What amino acids are derived from intermediates of glycolosis

A

Glycine
Alanine
Serine
Cysteine

91
Q

What amino acid is derived from oxaloacetate

A

Aspartate

92
Q

What amino acid is derived from aspartate

A

Asparagine

93
Q

What amino acids are derived from glutamate

A

Glutamine
Proline
Arginine

94
Q

What structure of proteins are alpha helix and beta sheets a part of

A

Secondary structure

95
Q

What structure of proteins contole the basic function of proteins

A

Tertiary structure

96
Q

What protein structure is the spatial arragement of subunits

A

Quaternary structure

part 1 boards (US) (12 decks)

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