Chemistry Flashcards
What is it called when a molecule loses an electron
Oxidation
What is it called when a molecule gains an electron
Reduction
What is it called when a molecule gains an inorganic phosphate
Phosphorlyation
What does a kinase do
Transfers a phosphate group from one molecule to another
What does a ligase do
Joins two molecules together
What does a transferase do
Transfers the functional group from one molecule to another
What is hydrolysis
Addition of water to a molecule
What component of a chemical reaction is proportional to the Vmax
Enzyme concentration
What is the required substrate concentration to achieve 1/2 Vmax
Kmax, (michaelis-menten constant)
What type of enzyme inhibitor binds to the active site of an enzyme
Competitive
What type of enzyme inhibitor reduces Vmax and doens’t bind to the active site
Non-competitive
What type of enzyme regulator binds to the allosteric site
Allosteric regulator
What kind of bone is formed between a fatty acid and a glycerol
Ester
What kind of bond forms between two sugars
Glycosidic
What is the rate limiting step in glycolosis
PFK
What is the rate limiting step in gluconeogenesis
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
What is the rate limiting step in TCA
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
what is the rate limiting step in glycogen synthesis
GLycogen synthase
What is the rate limiting step in glycogenolysis
glycogen phosphorylase
What is the rate limiting step in HMP shunt
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
What is the rate limiting step in the urea cycle
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase
What is the rate limiting step in fatty acid synthesis
Acetyl-CoA- carboxylase
What is the rate limiting step in fatty acid oxidation
Carnitine acyltransferase
What is the rate limiting step in Cholesterol synthesis
HMG-CoA reductase
What is Sucrose made up of
Glucose and fructose
What is lactose made up of
Galactose and glucose
What is maltose made up of
Glucose + glucose
Why can we not digest cellulose
it has beta 1,4 bonds.
we can digest alpha 1,4 bonds and 1,6 bonds
What enzyme cleaves alpha 1,4 bonds
Pancreatic amylase
What is the main fuel for the brain
Glucose
can use keytones if it has to
What cells have GLUT-1 transporter
Brain
RBC
Placenta
Testis
What cells have GLUT-2 transporters
Liver
Kidney
Beta cells (pancreas)
What cells have GLUT-3 transporters
neruons
What cells have GLUT-4 transporters
Muscles
Adipose cells
Can glycolosis take place in the absence of oxygen
yes
where does glycolosis occur
cytosol
What enzyme of glycolosis traps glucose in the liver
Hexokinase
What inhibits glucokinase
fructose-6-phosphate
What is the final regulating enzyme of glycolosis
Pyruvate kinase
What is the alcohol counterpart of glucose that is made as an alternative way of dealing with excess glucose
Sorbitol
What is the danger associated with sorbitol
Can damage the renta, lens and schwann cells
Cataracts
retinopathy
peripheral neuropathy
What pathway synthesizes glucose
Gluconeogenesis
What is the purpose of gluconeogenesis
Maintain blood glucose in the fasted state by reversing glycolosis
Where does gluconeogenesis take place
the cytosol of the liver (first step is in the mitochondria)
What is used to make pyruvate during gluconeogenesis
Lactate
Alanine
how much ATP does gluconeogenesis use
6 ATP
What coenzyme is essential for gluconeogenesis to occur
Biotin
Does the krebs cycle occur in aerobic or anaerobic conditions
aerobic
What is the main molecule in the krebs cycle
Acetyl-CoA
What is produced from the krebs cycle
3 NADH
2 CO2
1 FADH2
1 GTP
In the ETC, NADH gets converted into how many ATP
3
In the ETC, FADH2 gets converted into how many ATP
2
Does the Krebs cycle produce ATP
No, it makes molecules that can turn into ATP through the ETC
How can oxaloacetate cross from the cytosol into the mitochondria
Has to be turned into malate
How can oxaloacetate cross from the mitochondria into the cytosol
Has to be turned into aspartate
What cycle helps to prevent lactic acid build up in muscles
Cori cycle
What pathway is CoQ-10 foud in
ETC
How much energy does the Cori cycle use up
4 ATP
What is the process of the Cori cycle
Turn Lactic acid into pyruvate, transfer it from muscle to liver. Live turns pyruvate into glucose and transports it back into the muscle
What is the purpose of the pentose phosphate pathway
produce NADPH
What is NADPH used for
Fatty acid oxidation
Detoxification
protection from free radicals
Where does the pentose phosphate pathway take place
In the cytosol
Is there a gain or a loss of ATP from the pentose phosphate pathway
no
Where is the majority of glycogen stored
Liver
Muscles
What is the advantage of having lots of reducing ends in glycogen
Increase synthesis rate
increase degradation rate
increase solubility
What does VLDL do
Transports fat from Liver to tissues
What do Chylomicrons do
Transport dietary lipids from SI to other locations in the body
What is LDL
Bad cholesterol, trans form
What is HDL
Good cholesterol, Cis form
DO saturated fats have double bonds
no
What types of fats are Omega-3 and Omega-6
Unsaturated
Where are fatty acids broken down
Mitochondria of adipocytes
What are the 4 steps of beta oxidation
Reduction (FAD)
Hydration
reduction (NAD)
cleavage
Where does keytone body synthesis occur
Mitochondria of hepatocytes
What molecule is formed when two acetyl CoA enzymes condense
Acetoacetyl CoA
During Keytone synthesis what is HMG CoA turned into
Acetyl CoA
acetoacetate
Acetoacetate during keytone synthesis is broken down into acetate and acetyl CoA. Which of those two substances can be smelt on the breath of a diabetic
Acetate (smells fruity)
What causes the body to undergo keytone synthesis
Rapid B-oxidation due to starvation or fasting
When fatty acid concentration is high in the blood
What is the process of building up fatty acids
Lipogenesis
Once glycogen stores are full what does glucose get turned into
Acetyl CoA –> Malonyl CoA –> Fatty Acids
Where in the body does fatty acid synthesis take place
Cytosol of the liver, adipose, kidney
Cholesterol produces what type of hormone
Steroid hormone
What does HMG CoA reductase do in steroid hormone synthesis
Convert HMG CoA into Mevalonic acid
Where is Acetyl CoA converted into Cholesterol
The liver
What drugs lower cholesterol levels in blood
Statins
What steroid hormone is estrogen derived from
testosterone
What steroid hormone is testosterone derived from
Androstenedione
What amino acid is a derivative of Serotonin and Melatonin
Tryptophan
What amino acid is a derivative of creatinine and Nitric Ozide
Arginine
What amino acids are derived from intermediates of glycolosis
Glycine
Alanine
Serine
Cysteine
What amino acid is derived from oxaloacetate
Aspartate
What amino acid is derived from aspartate
Asparagine
What amino acids are derived from glutamate
Glutamine
Proline
Arginine
What structure of proteins are alpha helix and beta sheets a part of
Secondary structure
What structure of proteins contole the basic function of proteins
Tertiary structure
What protein structure is the spatial arragement of subunits
Quaternary structure
