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Analytical Chem 2 > Spectrometry > Flashcards

Spectrometry Flashcards

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1
Q

Deals with the EMISSION of energy of a wavelength when a dilute solution of METALLIC ION is sprayed into a COLORLESS FLAME

A

Flame Spectroscopy/Flame Emission

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2
Q

Flame Spectroscopy is used in the assay of

A

Lithium carbonate
Calcium
Potassium
Sodium

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3
Q

Major types of Flame Spectroscopy

A

FES: Flame Emission Spectrophotometry
AAS: Atomic absorption Spectrophotometry

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4
Q

Solution containing METAL SALT is aspiraated into a flame, a vapour containing atoms of the metal forms

A

Flame Emission Spectrophotometry
Flame Photometry

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5
Q

Use of Flame Emission Spectrophotometry

A

Detection of Group IA and IIA
Most active: na
Least Active: Berrylium

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6
Q

Advantages of Flame Emission Spectrophotometry

A

Robustness
Cheap
Selective method

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7
Q

Measurement of light absorbed by metal atoms

A

Atomic absorption Spectrophotometry

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8
Q

Advantages of Atomic absorption Spectrophotometry

A

Inc. sensitivity and Selectivity

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9
Q

Applications of Atomic absorption Spectrophotometry

A
  • Quantitative determination of elements in MULTIVITAMINS and MINERAL FORMULATIONS, drugs, and biological fluids
  • Determination of METAL RESIDUES remaining from manuf process in drugs
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10
Q

Measures the fluorescence emitted by substance when exposed to UV / VI

A

Fluorescence Spectrometry/Fluorometry

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11
Q

The emitted light with longer wavelength

A

Luminescence

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12
Q

A form of luminescence where the luminescence stops 10-8 to 10-4 seconds agter the source of excitation is removed

A

Fluorescence

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13
Q

Advantages of Fluorescence Spectrometry

A
  • Great inherent sensitivity absorption
  • Offers detection limit lower than absorption spectrometry
  • High selectivity to analysis of trace amounts of drugs and metabolites
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14
Q

Applications of Fluometry

A
  • Analysis of Vitamins (Thiamine, Riboflavin)
  • Determination of fluorescent drugs in lowe-dose formulations in presence of non-fluorescent excipients
  • Limit Tests
  • Studying binding of drugs
  • Bioanalysis of measuring samll amounts of drugs and drug-protein binding
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15
Q

Measures the energy shift in cm due to inelastic scattering of laser radiation (Light scattering)

A

Raman Spectroscopy

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16
Q

Raman Spectroscopy is analogous to fluometry, except that it is

A

Not wavelength dependent
Does not require the molecule to have a chromophore

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17
Q

Applications of Raman Spectroscopy

A
  • Identifying complex drug formulations and pack samples
  • Peptide pharmaceuics can be analyzed for 3D structures
  • Provides fingerprint identity information
  • Ex. Complementary to middle-IR Spectroscopy (Codein, Morphine, Heroin)
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18
Q

Absorbs UV/Visible radiation through excitation of the electrons involved in the bonds b/n atoms making up the molecules

A

Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrometry

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19
Q

Applications of UV-Visble Spectrometry

A
  • Determine active ingredients in formulations
  • Determination of pka
  • Monitor reaction kinetics of drug degradation
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20
Q

Assay of Furosemide Tablets and Cyclizine lactate in injection

A

UV-Visible Spectrometry

21
Q

Standard method for determining the physico-chemical properties of drug molecules before formulation and ,easureing their release.

A

UV-Visible Spectrophotometry

22
Q

Type of properties which can be determined by the UV method ⭐

A
  1. Release of a drug from formulation (Dissolution Testing)
  2. Partition coefficient
  3. Solubility
23
Q

Measument of amount of transmitted light after radiant energy passes through as sample

A

Turbidimetry

24
Q

Samples used in Turbidimetry

A

Turbid Solutions/Suspension

25
Q

Turbidimetry is used in the assay of

A

Antibiotics
Vit. B12
Calcium pantothenate

26
Q

Measures the amount of REFLECTED/SCATTERED light by a suspension

A

Nephelometry

27
Q

Nephelometry is used in

A

Determination of Sulfate and Phosphate Ions

28
Q

Absorption of radiant energy in the infrared resgion and associated with vibrational transitions of atoms within molecules

A

Infrared spectroscopy

29
Q

Two types of Fundamental Vibrations

A

Stretching
Bending

30
Q

Fundamental vibrations in which the distance increases or decreases along the bond axis

A

Stretching
a. Symmetric
b. Asymmetric

31
Q

Fundamental vibration in which there’s a change in position or angles of atoms

A

Bending/Deformation

32
Q

Bending types

A

In Plane Bending
a. Scissoring
b. Rocking

Out of Plane Bending
a. Wagging
b. Twisting

33
Q

Medium IR Region

A

Group frequency region
FIngerprint region

34
Q

Group Frequency region

A

Wavelength range:
Absorption peaks due to functional groups in organic compounds
Carbonyl, Hydroxyl, Amino

35
Q

Fingerprint Region

A

Wavelength range: 8-15 mm
Gives a spectrum of the whole molecule

36
Q

Used for assay of organic pharmaceuticals and elucidates structure of organic molecules

A

Nuclear Magnetic resonance

37
Q

Used for assay of organic pharmaceuticals and elucidates structure of organic molecules

A

Nuclear Magnetic resonance

38
Q

Application of NMR

A
  • Determination of exact structure of raw materials, intermediates and finished products
  • Determine impurities without separation
  • For fingerprinting mixtures
  • For nondestructuive quantitative analysis of drugs in formulation before separation
39
Q

Advantages of NMR

A
  • Provides infor about molecular structure
  • Reproducible results between diff instruments
  • Very stable system, dont need instrument
40
Q

Used in separation of molecular and atomic species according to their mass

A

Mass Spectrometry

41
Q

Used in analysis of samples from elements to large proteins and polymers

A

Mass Spectrometry

42
Q

Application of Mass Spectrometry

A
  • Determining identity or structure of druags and raw materials
  • Determining impurities in drugs and formulation excipients
  • Highly sensitive and specific
  • Tool in proteomics
43
Q

Methods used in Mass spectrometry

A

Electron Impact
Fast atom bombardment (FAB)
Matrix-Assisted Laser desorption ionization (MALDI)

44
Q

Classical ionization technique in ion source-the gaseos sample is bombarded with 70 eV electrons from a tungsten filament

A

Electron Impact

45
Q

High Energy beam of neutral atoms, Xe or Ar, strikes a solid sample causing desorption and ionization

A

Fast Atom Bombardment

46
Q

Fast Atom bombardment is used in

A

large biological molecule
MW determination

47
Q

Vaporizing and ionizing large biological molecules

A

Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization

48
Q

Use of Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization

A

For proteins and DNA fragments
Determination of the MW of molecules (Complexes, enzymes, biomolecules, polymers)

Analytical Chem 2 (17 decks)

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