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Analytical Chem 2 > Spectrometry > Flashcards

Spectrometry Flashcards

1
Q

Deals with the EMISSION of energy of a wavelength when a dilute solution of METALLIC ION is sprayed into a COLORLESS FLAME

A

Flame Spectroscopy/Flame Emission

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2
Q

Flame Spectroscopy is used in the assay of

A

Lithium carbonate
Calcium
Potassium
Sodium

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3
Q

Major types of Flame Spectroscopy

A

FES: Flame Emission Spectrophotometry
AAS: Atomic absorption Spectrophotometry

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4
Q

Solution containing METAL SALT is aspiraated into a flame, a vapour containing atoms of the metal forms

A

Flame Emission Spectrophotometry
Flame Photometry

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5
Q

Use of Flame Emission Spectrophotometry

A

Detection of Group IA and IIA
Most active: na
Least Active: Berrylium

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6
Q

Advantages of Flame Emission Spectrophotometry

A

Robustness
Cheap
Selective method

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7
Q

Measurement of light absorbed by metal atoms

A

Atomic absorption Spectrophotometry

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8
Q

Advantages of Atomic absorption Spectrophotometry

A

Inc. sensitivity and Selectivity

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9
Q

Applications of Atomic absorption Spectrophotometry

A
  • Quantitative determination of elements in MULTIVITAMINS and MINERAL FORMULATIONS, drugs, and biological fluids
  • Determination of METAL RESIDUES remaining from manuf process in drugs
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10
Q

Measures the fluorescence emitted by substance when exposed to UV / VI

A

Fluorescence Spectrometry/Fluorometry

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11
Q

The emitted light with longer wavelength

A

Luminescence

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12
Q

A form of luminescence where the luminescence stops 10-8 to 10-4 seconds agter the source of excitation is removed

A

Fluorescence

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13
Q

Advantages of Fluorescence Spectrometry

A
  • Great inherent sensitivity absorption
  • Offers detection limit lower than absorption spectrometry
  • High selectivity to analysis of trace amounts of drugs and metabolites
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14
Q

Applications of Fluometry

A
  • Analysis of Vitamins (Thiamine, Riboflavin)
  • Determination of fluorescent drugs in lowe-dose formulations in presence of non-fluorescent excipients
  • Limit Tests
  • Studying binding of drugs
  • Bioanalysis of measuring samll amounts of drugs and drug-protein binding
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15
Q

Measures the energy shift in cm due to inelastic scattering of laser radiation (Light scattering)

A

Raman Spectroscopy

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16
Q

Raman Spectroscopy is analogous to fluometry, except that it is

A

Not wavelength dependent
Does not require the molecule to have a chromophore

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17
Q

Applications of Raman Spectroscopy

A
  • Identifying complex drug formulations and pack samples
  • Peptide pharmaceuics can be analyzed for 3D structures
  • Provides fingerprint identity information
  • Ex. Complementary to middle-IR Spectroscopy (Codein, Morphine, Heroin)
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18
Q

Absorbs UV/Visible radiation through excitation of the electrons involved in the bonds b/n atoms making up the molecules

A

Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrometry

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19
Q

Applications of UV-Visble Spectrometry

A
  • Determine active ingredients in formulations
  • Determination of pka
  • Monitor reaction kinetics of drug degradation
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20
Q

Assay of Furosemide Tablets and Cyclizine lactate in injection

A

UV-Visible Spectrometry

21
Q

Standard method for determining the physico-chemical properties of drug molecules before formulation and ,easureing their release.

A

UV-Visible Spectrophotometry

22
Q

Type of properties which can be determined by the UV method ⭐

A
  1. Release of a drug from formulation (Dissolution Testing)
  2. Partition coefficient
  3. Solubility
23
Q

Measument of amount of transmitted light after radiant energy passes through as sample

A

Turbidimetry

24
Q

Samples used in Turbidimetry

A

Turbid Solutions/Suspension

25
Turbidimetry is used in the assay of
Antibiotics Vit. B12 Calcium pantothenate
26
Measures the amount of REFLECTED/SCATTERED light by a suspension
Nephelometry
27
Nephelometry is used in
Determination of Sulfate and Phosphate Ions
28
Absorption of radiant energy in the infrared resgion and associated with vibrational transitions of atoms within molecules
Infrared spectroscopy
29
Two types of Fundamental Vibrations
Stretching Bending
30
Fundamental vibrations in which the distance increases or decreases along the bond axis
Stretching a. Symmetric b. Asymmetric
31
Fundamental vibration in which there's a change in position or angles of atoms
Bending/Deformation
32
Bending types
In Plane Bending a. Scissoring b. Rocking Out of Plane Bending a. Wagging b. Twisting
33
Medium IR Region
Group frequency region FIngerprint region
34
Group Frequency region
Wavelength range: Absorption peaks due to functional groups in organic compounds Carbonyl, Hydroxyl, Amino
35
Fingerprint Region
Wavelength range: 8-15 mm Gives a spectrum of the whole molecule
36
Used for assay of organic pharmaceuticals and elucidates structure of organic molecules
Nuclear Magnetic resonance
37
Used for assay of organic pharmaceuticals and elucidates structure of organic molecules
Nuclear Magnetic resonance
38
Application of NMR
* Determination of exact structure of raw materials, intermediates and finished products * Determine impurities without separation * For fingerprinting mixtures * For nondestructuive quantitative analysis of drugs in formulation before separation
39
Advantages of NMR
* Provides infor about molecular structure * Reproducible results between diff instruments * Very stable system, dont need instrument
40
Used in separation of molecular and atomic species according to their mass
Mass Spectrometry
41
Used in analysis of samples from elements to large proteins and polymers
Mass Spectrometry
42
Application of Mass Spectrometry
* Determining identity or structure of druags and raw materials * Determining impurities in drugs and formulation excipients * Highly sensitive and specific * Tool in proteomics
43
Methods used in Mass spectrometry
Electron Impact Fast atom bombardment (FAB) Matrix-Assisted Laser desorption ionization (MALDI)
44
Classical ionization technique in ion source-the gaseos sample is bombarded with 70 eV electrons from a tungsten filament
Electron Impact
45
High Energy beam of neutral atoms, Xe or Ar, strikes a solid sample causing desorption and ionization
Fast Atom Bombardment
46
Fast Atom bombardment is used in
large biological molecule MW determination
47
Vaporizing and ionizing large biological molecules
Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization
48
Use of Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization
For proteins and DNA fragments Determination of the MW of molecules (Complexes, enzymes, biomolecules, polymers)

Analytical Chem 2 (17 decks)

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