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Analytical Chem 2 > Chromatography > Flashcards

Chromatography Flashcards

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1
Q

Most frequently used analytical technique in pharmaceutical analysis

A

Chromatography

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2
Q

Technique to separate plant pigments by passing solutions through glass colums packed with finely divided calcium carbonate

A

Chromatography

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3
Q

Chromatography is widely used for

A

Identification, separation, determination of the chemical components in complex mixtures

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4
Q

Separate & identify components of a mixture based on the differential affinities of the solutes between 2 phases.

A

Chromatography

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5
Q

Porous or finely divided solid, or a liquid that has been coated in a thin layer on an inert supporting material. A fixed bed core of large surface area.

A

Stationary Phase

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6
Q

A pure liquid or a mixture of solutions (eg, buffers) or it may be gas (pure or homogeneous mixture) or supercritical liquid

A fluid w/c moves through/ or over the surface/ of the stationary phase.

A

Mobile Phase

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7
Q

Addition of a flowing solvent on the stationary phase to wash out, purify, or separate material

A

Elution

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8
Q

Principal objectives obtainable through the use of Chromatography are:

A

• Resolution of mixtures into constituent parts.
• Determination of homogeneity.
• Comparison of substances suspected of being identical.
• Purification Concentration of substances from dilute solutions.
• Identification & control of technical products.
• Quantitative separation from complex mixtures.
• Indication of molecular structure.

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9
Q

Basic Principles of Separation/Equilibration Process

A

Partition
Adsorption
Affinity
Moelcular Exclusion/Pore penetration
Ion Exchange

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10
Q

The components distribute b/n two phases through a combination of sorption nd desorption process

A

Adsorption chromatography

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11
Q

Mixtures of solutes are spearated according to the relative tendencies of their components to partition between 2 immiscible gas or L-G

A

Partition Chromatography

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12
Q

Adsorption Chromatograpjy

A

Stationary Phase: Solid
Mobile Phase: Liquid/Gas

Examples: TLC, CC, HPC

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12
Q

Partition Chromatography

A

Stationary Phase: Liquid/Gas
Mobile Phase: Liquid

Examples: PC, TLC, HPLC

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13
Q

The mobile phase passes over the surface, the ionic solutes are retained by forming electrostatic chemical bonds with the functional group.

A

Ion Exchange Chromatography

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14
Q

Ion Exchange Chromatography

A

Stationary Phase: Polymeric matrix, Resin/Ionic functional groups
Mobile Phase: Liquid

Examples: IEC, HPLC

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14
Q

Molecular Exclusion Chromatography aka

A

Pore Penetration
Size Exclusion
Gel Filtration/ Gel permeation/ Gel chromatography

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15
Q

Used to separate groups of solutes based on effective size in solution/ based on MW.

A

Molecular/ size exclusion Chromatography

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16
Q

Use of Molecular Exclusion Chromatography

A

Preparative separations of macromolecules of biological origin
Purification of synthetic organic polymers

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17
Q

Molecular Chromatography

A

Stationary Phase: Polymeric subs containing pores of molecular dimensions
Mobile Phase: Liquid/Gas

Examples: MEC, HPLC

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18
Q

utilizes highly specific interactions between one kind of solute molecul and a second molecule covalently attached to stationary phase

A

Affinity Chromatography

19
Q

Affinity Chromatography

A

Stationary Phase: Solid, affinity ligand/antibody enzyme
Mobile Phase: Liquid

Examples: DNA Affinity

20
Q

A graphical representation of the detector response, concn of analyte in the effluent; A measure of effleunt concn vs volume/time

A

Chromatogram

21
Q

Fresh portions of solvent added on the top of the comlumn to bring about separation of the componenets as each drug progresses down the column

A

Developer

22
Q

Washing out, purify, or separate materials; or to remove one substance to another, usually an absorbed material from an adsorbent surface by washing it out by a solvent.

A

Elution

23
Q

Suitable solvents used in elution chromatography to wash column until obtained in effluent liquid

A

Eluants

24
Q

Fluid exiting the column, combination of mobile phase and solute exiting the column

A

Eluate/Effluent

25
Q

The ratio of the distance traveled by center of spot to the distance traveled by mobile phase and used in planar chromatography

A

Retardation factor

26
Q

Retardation factor formula

A

RF = distance solute/spot /distance MP/solvent

27
Q

Retention factor

A

Capacity factor (k)

28
Q

Techniues in Chromatography

A

Paper Chromatography
Thin Layer Chromatography
Column Chromatography
High Performance Chromatography
Gas Chromatography

29
Q

Differences in partition coefficient of substance between 2 immiscible liquids

A

Paper Chromatography

30
Q

Paper Chromatography

A

Stationary Phase: Filter paper (Cellulose)
Mobile Phase: Liquid - Organic Solvent

Examples: TLC, CC, HPC

30
Q

Thin Layer Chromatography

A

Stationary Phase: Finely divided solid on a glass/plastic plate
Adsorbent: Silica Gel G, Alumina (Al Oxide)
Mobile Phase: Liquid (Ethanol, Hexane)

31
Q

Ensures that the stationary phase adheres firmly to the backing plate and doe not flake off during development

A

Binders

32
Q

Binders

A

Calcium sulfate (Gypsum)
Starch
Carbomethylcellulose

33
Q

Does not take place in a closed column but takes place on a planar surface

A

Separation ⭐

34
Q

Does not flow under the indluence of gravity or high pressure drawn across the plate by capillary action

A

Mobile phase ⭐

35
Q

Application of Thin Layer Chromatography

A

Analysis of colored componenets such as dyes ⭐
Analysis of Colorless components

36
Q

Column Chromatography

A

Stationary Phase: Solid placed in column
Adsorbent: Purified silaceous earth, activated charcoal, alumina, silca gel G, Calcium carbonate
Mobile Phase: Liquid

37
Q

Application of Column Chromatography

A

Assay of Acetaminophen elixir
Separation of Amphetamine dosage form

38
Q

High performance Liquid Chrom

A

Mobile Phase: Liquid (Aqueous and Non-Aq solvents)
Ex: Aspirin, Caffeine

39
Q

Most widely used technique in the pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical sectors

A

HPLC

40
Q

Used in analysis of volatile compounds

A

Gas Chromatography

41
Q

Gas Chromatography

A

Stationary Phase: Liquid, Solid
Mobile Phase: Gas/Carrier Gas (Helium, Nitrogen, Argon, Co2, Hydrogen)

42
Q

Gas Chromatography results is measured in terms of

A

Retention ⭐

42
Q

Advantages of Gas Chrom

A

Fast analysis
Effiecient
Sensitive
Non-destructive
Highly accurate
Reliable
Inexpensive

43
Q

Time require by an average molecule of component to pass from the injection port through the column to the detector

A

Retention Time

44
Q

VOlume of carrier gas necessar to carry an average molecule pf the component from the point of injection to the detector

A

Retention Volume

45
Q

Application of Gas Chrom

A

Characterization of unformulated drugs
Limit tests for aolvent residues and volatiel impurities
Measurement of drugs and metabolites in biological fluids
Quantification of drugs in formulation, if drug lacks chloroform
Characterization of raw materials used in synthesis of drug molecules
Characterization of volatile oils, proprietary cough mixtures and tonics, and fatty acids in fixed oils ⭐

Analytical Chem 2 (17 decks)

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