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specific phobia Flashcards

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1
Q

specific phobia

A
  • persistent irrational intense fear of a particular object or event
  • interference with a person’s social functioning
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2
Q

four types of specific phobia

A
  • animal phobias (fear of snakes)
  • natural environment phobias (fear of heights)
  • situation phobias (fear of enclosed spaces)
  • blood injection injury phobia (fear of medical procedures)
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3
Q

mental health continuum of specific phobia

A
  • healthy
  • reacting
  • injured
  • disorder
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4
Q

‘healthy’ stage

A
  • fear in a normal range
  • if a fear of spiders, they might ask a friend to catch it
  • socially active
  • physically well
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5
Q

‘reacting’ stage

A
  • common and reversible distress
  • procrastination
  • trouble sleeping
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6
Q

‘injured’ stage

A
  • phobic symptoms impact their functioning
  • avoidance behaviours
  • decreased performance
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7
Q

‘disorder’ stage

A
  • mental disorder that requires significant intervention
  • unable to fall asleep
  • isolation
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8
Q

mean age for selected phobias

A

animal - 7
blood - 9
dental - 12
claustrophobia - 20

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9
Q

biological factors that contribute to the maintenance of specific phobia

A
  • FFF response
  • GABA and glutamate
  • genetic predisposition and inherited vulnerabilities
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10
Q

FFF response

A
  • elevated blood pressure

- palpitations

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11
Q

role of amygdala and hippocampus

A

amygdala
- initiating and processing emotional responses such as fear
hippocampus
- formation of declarative memories

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12
Q

GABA and glutamate

A
  • if a person has low levels of GABA and high levels of glutamate, increases agitation and anxiety and contribute to the development of a specific phobia
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13
Q

genetic predisposition and inherited vulnerabilities

A
  • not the phobia but the genetic makeup, e.g. being born with low levels of GABA
  • or personality; person who is apprehensive about environmental objects and events are more likely to develop the phobia
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14
Q

long term potentiation

A
  • experience the phobia, strengthened amygdala-hippocampus neural pathway resulting in LTP
  • thus the phobic response is easier to trigger in the future
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15
Q

precipitation of specific phobia through classical conditioning

A
  • learnt through classical conditioning and maintained by operant conditioning
  • we can develop fear to a neutral stimulus because we are conditioned to associate it with fear
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16
Q

precipitation of specific phobia through operant conditioning

A
  • avoidance behaviour is a negative reinforcer strengthening the likelihoof of that behaviour being repeated
17
Q

cognitive bias

A
  • systematic error in thinking that affects the decisions and judgements that people make
18
Q

memory bias

A
  • inaccurate encoding of memory

- thus every time a person thinks of it, it is usually more catastrophic than it really is

19
Q

catastrophic thinking

A
  • worst case scenario

- overestimates the threat

20
Q

attentional bias

A
  • preference for noticing threat relevant information as they remain more alert to their environment
21
Q

environmental triggers

A
  • direct exposure
  • witnessing other people
  • reading or hearing about it
22
Q

parental modelling

A
  • transmission of threat information
23
Q

stigma around seeking treatment

A
  • due to embarrassment, shame, distress are less likely to seek assistance
24
Q

anti anxiety treatment

A
  • anti anxiety drugs that mimic GABA’s inhibitory effects

- usually sufficient

25
Q

breathing retraining

A
  • under stress, over breathe (hyperventilation)

- taught slow breathing techniques to manage effects of hyperventilation

26
Q

exercise

A
  • during stress, stress hormones and glucose are released into the blood stream and if we are not physically active, likely to experience hand tremors
27
Q

CBT specific phobia

A
  • verbal and behavioural modifications

- focuses on helping a person change negative dysfunctional thoughts and replace with more positive realistic ones

28
Q

CBT process

A

Normally

  • exposed to object or situation (stimulus), negative thought slead to an emotional (distress) and biological (FFF) response, alters behaviour (actively avoids the object or situation)
  • in CBT, recognise unrealistic and based on incorrect assumptions and are taught to monitor their negative thoughts in an ‘automatic thought diary’.
29
Q

systematic desensitisation

A
  • assumption that it is developed through classical conditioning, and can be achieved through counter conditioning or weakening the associated between the conditioned stimulus and conditioned response
30
Q

3 steps of systematic desensitisation

A
  • deep muscle relaxation
  • client makes a list of anxiety causing stimuli that are linked to their specific phobia from least to most
  • client works through hierarchy, learning to remain relaxed while imagining each stimuli; repeated until no anxiety
31
Q

SD effectiveness

A
  • less effective for performance fears
32
Q

psychoeducation

A
  • educating sufferer of the mental disorder and help dispel any myths
  • have cooperation of family and friends
33
Q

ways of psychoeducation

A
  • do not encourage avoidance behaviour
  • encourage positive thinking
  • provide evidence to help with catastrophic thinking

psychology (18 decks)

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