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mental health sac Flashcards

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1
Q

continuum of mental health

A

from mental wellbeing to mental health problem to mental disorder

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2
Q

mental health

A
  • state of wellbeing
  • realises their own abilities
  • can cope with setbacks
  • contributes productively to community
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3
Q

mental health problem

A
  • as a result of life stressor
  • less severe and shorter duration than a mental disorder
  • resolve with time or when the life stressor changes or passes
  • can develop into a mental disorder if mental problem persists and if individual has no resilience
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4
Q

symptoms of mental health problems

A
  • feel worried, tense
  • have difficulties concentrations
  • changes in sleep
  • social withdraw
  • develop negative feelings or attitudes towards themselves
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5
Q

mental disorder

A
  • combination of thoughts, feelings and/or behaviours which impair the ability to function everyday in life
  • lasts longer
  • causes more distress and disruption to a person’s life
  • associated with clinical diagnosis from a professional
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6
Q

symptoms of mental disorder

A
  • dysfunction within an individual; low levels of functioning, social and emotional wellbeing
  • significant personal distress or disability
  • actions are atypical
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7
Q

examples of mental disorders

A
  • ocd
  • ptsd
  • major depression
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8
Q

what causes mental disorders

A
  • combination of internal and external factors that fluctuate
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9
Q

mentally healthy person

A
  • high level of functioning
  • social and emotional wellbeing
  • resilience to life stressors
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10
Q

high level of functioning

A
  • interact and involve oneself in society

- undertake everyday tasks like personal hygiene

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11
Q

social and emotional wellbeing

A
  • normal mood fluctuation
  • physically well
  • good cognitive functioning
  • good level of energy
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12
Q

resilience to life stressors

A
  • skills in communication
  • emotional understanding
  • problem solving skills
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13
Q

informed consent

A
  • be fully aware of the purpose of the research and what is expected of them during experiment
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14
Q

research without informed consent

A
  • given on participant’s behalf (legal guardian)

- clinical trials

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15
Q

placebo

A

treatment that appears real and resembles the actual substance or treatment but is actually inert

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16
Q

placebo effect

A

a change of improvement in wellbeing due to participants beliefs or expectations rather than an actual affect

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17
Q

single blind

A

participants dont know what condition they are in

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18
Q

double blind

A

neither participants nor experimenters know what condition people are going into and allocation is random

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19
Q

dangers of placebos in mental health research

A
  • sometimes requires a patient to go without treatment

- risk of symptoms reappearing or worsening

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20
Q

syndrome

A
  • particular profile of symptoms

such as dyslexia

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21
Q

disease

A
  • known cause

- predictable course and standard protocols for treatment

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22
Q

positive psychology

A
  • development of resilience

- commitment to positive emotions, experiences, environments etc

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23
Q

principles of positive psychology

A
  • rise to life’s challenges
  • engage and relate to other people
  • find fulfilment in creativity and productivity
  • look beyond oneself and help others to find lasting meaning, satisfaction
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24
Q

stress

A
  • state of physiological and psychological arousal produced by internal or external stressors that are perceived by the individual as challenging
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25
Q

anxiety

A

state of physiological arousal associated with feelings of apprehension, worry or uneasiness that something is wrong

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26
Q

anxiety disorder

A
  • when it is disproportionate and results in maladaptive behaviours that are detrimental
  • recurring fears
  • avoidance behaviour
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27
Q

normal anxiety

A
  • feel apprehension

- can learn new responses and execute complex activities

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28
Q

common between stress and anxiety

A
  • natural, human responses
  • activation of fight-flight-freeze response
  • physiological response such as heart palpitations, muscle tension
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29
Q

difference between stress and anxiety

A

anxiety - feelings of peersisten and extreme apprehension when stressors are not necessarily present
stress - psychological and physiological response to internal or external sources of stressors that the individual doesnt think they can cope with

30
Q

anxiety disorder and phobias

A

specific phobia is a type of anxiety disorder

31
Q

characteristics of anxiety disorder

A
  • high levels of physical signs of anxiety
  • pervasive feelings of stress, insecurity
  • tendency to have avoidance responses to survive
32
Q

specific phobia

A
  • persistent, irrational and intense fear and avoidance of a particular object or event that causes significant distress or impairs everyday functioning
33
Q

4 main types of specific phobia

A
  • animal phobias
  • natural environment phobias e.g. storms, fear of heights
  • situation phobias e.g. fear of enclosed spaces, elevators
  • blood injection injury phobias e.g. sight of blood
34
Q

biological factors for specific phobia

A
  • fight-flight-freeze response
  • GABA and glutamate
  • genetic predisposition and inherited vulnerabilities
35
Q

psychological factors for specific phobia

A
  • cognitive bias including memory bias and catastrophic thinking
36
Q

social factors for specific phobia

A
  • specific environment triggers
37
Q

fight flight freeze response

A
  • controlled by sympathetic branch of ANS
  • instant burst of energy to deal with dangers in environment
  • stress hormones are released and increase heart rate and respiratory rate and thus the physical symptoms of anxiety are elevated blood pressure, tremor etc
38
Q

fight flight freeze response with amygdala

A
  • influences the encoding of fearful memories by hippocampus
  • repeated activation of this amygdala-hippocampus neural pathway results in LTP
  • thus the phobic response is easier to trigger in the future
39
Q

role of GABA

A
  • major inhibitory neurotransmitters in nervous system

- calm down the activation of nervous system with balancing with glutamate

40
Q

GABA dysfunction

A
  • individuals with anxiety have lower levels of GABA resulting in too much glutamate
41
Q

genetic predisposition and inherited vulnerabilities

A
  • genes may encode for reduced levels of GABA
  • inherited personality traits such as apprehensiveness are more likely to develop disorders like specific phobias
  • genetic predisposition does not mean the individual will develop the condition
42
Q

2 models that explain specific phobia

A

behavioural - environmental factors

cognitive - influence of thought processes on how we feel and behave

43
Q

phobia through classical conditioning

A
  • stimulus associated with a fearful object makes individual develop fear towards that stimulus
  • are learned
44
Q

phobia through operant conditioning

A
  • by avoiding the feared stimulus the fear is successfully reduced and the phobia is ‘rewarded’, which maintains the phobia
  • are maintained
45
Q

cognitive bias

A
  • systematic error in thinking that affects the decisions and judgement
  • can be memory bias, catastrophic thinking and attentional bias
46
Q

memory bias

A
  • persons thinking is distorted by an inaccurately encoded memory
47
Q

catastrophic thinking

A
  • person thinks over perceived threats, overestimates threat is irrational and thinks of the worst case scenario
48
Q

attentional bias

A
  • likely to notice threat-relevant info
49
Q

memory bias example

A
  • a person with phobias of horses will only remember the time they were chased by a horse, but forget when they didnt
50
Q

catastrophic thinking example

A
  • a person with a fear of driving may think that is they get into a car, they will definitely have a crash and die
51
Q

attention bias example

A
  • a person with a snake phobia is more likely to see a snake on a bush walk because they are constantly examining all snake like objects
52
Q

common of both models

A
  • once phobia is established, avoidance behaviour is key to maintaining anxiety
  • avoidance alleviate immediate feelings of anxiety in the short term but do nothing to change persistent and unrealistic beliefs
53
Q

social factors contributing to development and maintenance of specific phobia

A
  • environmental triggers
  • parental modelling
  • transmission of threat information
  • stigma around seeking treatment
54
Q

environmental triggers

A
  • direct exposure to a distressing or traumatic event, such as being attacked by a dog
  • witnessing other people experiencing a traumatic event, such as seeing another person being attacked by a dog
  • reading or hearing about dangerous situations or events, for example, developing a fear of dogs after hearing stories of being attacked by a dog
55
Q

stigma around seeking treatment

A
  • reluctance to seek help

- lack of understanding from friends/family

56
Q

treatment for specific phobia

A
  • anti anxiety medication
  • breathing exercise
  • cognitive behaviour therapy
  • systematic desensitisation
  • psycho education
57
Q

anti anxiety medication

A
  • beta blockers (lower heart rate, decrease blood pressure)

- can reduce the physical effects but not enough on their own

58
Q

breathing exercise

A
  • combats hyperventilation (dizziness, tightness of chest)
  • slow breathing when anxiety is felt
  • uses up stress hormones (noradrenaline, adrenaline, cortisol)
59
Q

cognitive behaviour therapy

A
  • changing negative, dysfunctional thoughts and replacing it with positive realistic ones
  • using knowledge and information to overcoming irrational thinking and replace it with reasonable, realistic thinking
  • unhelpful behaviours that have formed as part of the phobia are modified
  • most effective method for treating specific phobias
60
Q

systematic desensitisation

A
  • counter conditioning
  • weaken the association between conditioned stimulus and the conditioned response of fear and anxiety
  • achieved through graduated exposure to the source of phobia
  • learn to associate phobic stimulus with feelings of relaxation instead of anxiety
61
Q

counter conditioning

A

fear of playdough
playdough + feelings of relaxation = positive outcome
playdough = positive outcome

62
Q

psychoeducation

A
  • not encourage avoidance behaviours

- provide evidence to help with catastrophic thinking

63
Q

protective risk factors

A
  • factors that protect from initial onset and prevent recurrence of a mental disorder
    e. g. good diet, maintained fitness
64
Q

resilience

A
  • ability to successfully cope with adversity and restore to positive functioning
65
Q

biological protective factors

A 
adequate diet
- avoid excessive caffeine
- dont skip breakfast
adequate sleep
- enough uninterrupted NREM and REM sleep
66
Q

social protective factor: social support

A
  • tendency to isolate

- isolation makes things worse

67
Q

types of social support

A

appraisal
tangible
emotional

68
Q

appraisal support

A

help from another person that improves someone’s understanding of their mental health

69
Q

tangible

A
  • material support such as financial support
70
Q

emotional

A
  • through expression of empathy and reassurance that a person is cared for
71
Q

biopsychosocial approach

A

how illnesses are interrelated through biological, psychological and social protective factors

psychology (18 decks)

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