last min psych

Question 1

shaping

Answer 1

• process used to teach behaviours that are unlikely to occur naturally

Question 2

things that increase likelihood of one to pay attention

Answer 2

• well liked
• high authority
• similar in nature

Question 3

learning and neurotransmitters

Answer 3

• passing of neurotransmitters change the synapses

- modification and strengthenening of neural pathways

Question 4

matched participants

Answer 4

• matches subjects on the basis of intelligence, gender etc
• difficult to match subjects accurately
• time consuming

Question 5

evidence of intervention techniques

Answer 5

• use of relaxation techniques
• cognitive behavioural therapy
• psychoeducation

Question 6

use of relaxation techniques

Answer 6

• breathing retraining

- exercise

Question 7

breathing retraining

Answer 7

• commonly associated with symptoms of abnormal breathing patterns, such as hyperventilation
• corrects breathing `pattern to a more relaxed rate
• is not effective itself but should be coupled with behavioural therapy

Question 8

exercise

Answer 8

• distracts individual from anxiety causing stimulus
• promotes sense of wellbeing with the release of endorphins
• not sufficient

Question 9

CBT

Answer 9

• systematic desensitisation is a type

Question 10

CBT process

Answer 10

• extinguish dysfunctional negative thoughts

- correct the cognitive biases that cause individuals to overestimate threat

Question 11

systematic desensitisation

Answer 11

• made to create a hierarchy of their fear, from the least scariest aspect of their fear to the most
• practices relaxation techniques whilst being exposed to the hierarchy
• when there is no phobic response observed they are exposed to the next level
• procedure repeated until no phoc response is observed
• requires careful supervision so no adverse reaction is observed such as a panic attack

Question 12

psychoeducation

Answer 12

• provide relevant information to supporters of people with the specific phobia about the nature of the mental disorder and its treatment
• supporters be told to not let avoidance behaviours

Question 13

REM sleep

Answer 13

• used for consolidation of procedural memories

Question 14

as you grow older

Answer 14

• proportion of NREM decreases and REM increases

Question 15

alcohol vs sleep deprivation

Answer 15

• similar changes to mood and cognition

Question 16

as the night goes on

Answer 16

• REM sleep increases and NREM sleep decreases

Question 17

proportionally

Answer 17

80% is NREM

20% is REM

Question 18

NREM

Answer 18

• reduction of physiological behaviour

Question 19

stage 1

Answer 19

• lightest
• 30 secs to 10 mins
• low arousal threshold
• decreased heart rate, respiration…
• hypnogogic state - feelings of hallucinations
• hypnic jerks - involuntary muscle twitches

Question 20

stage 2

Answer 20

• truly asleep

- when woken up they think they werent asleep

Question 21

stage 3

Answer 21

• less responsive to external stimuli

Question 22

stage 4

Answer 22

• deepest
• barely move
• can feel groggy and take several minutes to wake up

Question 23

REM

Answer 23

• spontaneous bursts of rapid eye movements
• heart rate increases, body temp increases, quickened breath
• paradoxical sleep - although brain and eyes are active, body remains calm and inactive
• dreaming

Question 24

cerebral cortex

Answer 24

• storage of explicit memories

Question 25

mental health

Answer 25

• realises his or her abilities

Question 26

dopamine and parkinsons

Answer 26

• reduced dopamine results in reduction in range of motor functions
• dopamine agonists acts to mimic the action of dopamine and increases the stimulation along pathways that promote motor control, which reduces motor symptoms

Question 27

neural plasticity

Answer 27

• ability of neurons to change their structure and function as a result of an experience

Question 28

memory and LTP

Answer 28

• every time she recalls this event, glutamate is released into synapse
• due to repeated stimulation of this neural pathway, LTP would occur
• making it more easily triggered in the future

Question 29

emotionally arousing experience/ role of adrenaline/ consolidation of memory

Answer 29

• because it was emotionally arousing, adrenaline would have been released due to activation of sympathetic nervous system
• acting as a neurotransmitter, adrenaline would activate amygdala which would signal to the hippocampus that long term storage should be strengthened and long lasting neural networks are formed

Question 30

alzheimers disease

Answer 30

• neurodegenerative disease
• neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques are formed due to the build up of proteins interfering in the communition between neurons

Question 31

why can some patients of alzhiemers recall old memories

Answer 31

• explicit memories are stored in the cerebral cortex

- if some parts of the cerebral cortex are not affected, then can be remembered

Question 32

damage to implicit procedural

Answer 32

• remain in tact unless severe neuronal degeneration occurs

Question 33

cognitive distortions

Answer 33

• changes in our cognitive or mental functioning or thought process
• where do you live

Question 34

perceptual distortions

Answer 34

• distortion of our awareness of our senses and perception of internal or external stimuli