last min psych Flashcards
shaping
- process used to teach behaviours that are unlikely to occur naturally
things that increase likelihood of one to pay attention
- well liked
- high authority
- similar in nature
learning and neurotransmitters
- passing of neurotransmitters change the synapses
- modification and strengthenening of neural pathways
matched participants
- matches subjects on the basis of intelligence, gender etc
- difficult to match subjects accurately
- time consuming
evidence of intervention techniques
- use of relaxation techniques
- cognitive behavioural therapy
- psychoeducation
use of relaxation techniques
- breathing retraining
- exercise
breathing retraining
- commonly associated with symptoms of abnormal breathing patterns, such as hyperventilation
- corrects breathing `pattern to a more relaxed rate
- is not effective itself but should be coupled with behavioural therapy
exercise
- distracts individual from anxiety causing stimulus
- promotes sense of wellbeing with the release of endorphins
- not sufficient
CBT
- systematic desensitisation is a type
CBT process
- extinguish dysfunctional negative thoughts
- correct the cognitive biases that cause individuals to overestimate threat
systematic desensitisation
- made to create a hierarchy of their fear, from the least scariest aspect of their fear to the most
- practices relaxation techniques whilst being exposed to the hierarchy
- when there is no phobic response observed they are exposed to the next level
- procedure repeated until no phoc response is observed
- requires careful supervision so no adverse reaction is observed such as a panic attack
psychoeducation
- provide relevant information to supporters of people with the specific phobia about the nature of the mental disorder and its treatment
- supporters be told to not let avoidance behaviours
REM sleep
- used for consolidation of procedural memories
as you grow older
- proportion of NREM decreases and REM increases
alcohol vs sleep deprivation
- similar changes to mood and cognition
as the night goes on
- REM sleep increases and NREM sleep decreases
proportionally
80% is NREM
20% is REM
NREM
- reduction of physiological behaviour
stage 1
- lightest
- 30 secs to 10 mins
- low arousal threshold
- decreased heart rate, respiration…
- hypnogogic state - feelings of hallucinations
- hypnic jerks - involuntary muscle twitches
stage 2
- truly asleep
- when woken up they think they werent asleep
stage 3
- less responsive to external stimuli
stage 4
- deepest
- barely move
- can feel groggy and take several minutes to wake up
REM
- spontaneous bursts of rapid eye movements
- heart rate increases, body temp increases, quickened breath
- paradoxical sleep - although brain and eyes are active, body remains calm and inactive
- dreaming
cerebral cortex
- storage of explicit memories
mental health
- realises his or her abilities
dopamine and parkinsons
- reduced dopamine results in reduction in range of motor functions
- dopamine agonists acts to mimic the action of dopamine and increases the stimulation along pathways that promote motor control, which reduces motor symptoms
neural plasticity
- ability of neurons to change their structure and function as a result of an experience
memory and LTP
- every time she recalls this event, glutamate is released into synapse
- due to repeated stimulation of this neural pathway, LTP would occur
- making it more easily triggered in the future
emotionally arousing experience/ role of adrenaline/ consolidation of memory
- because it was emotionally arousing, adrenaline would have been released due to activation of sympathetic nervous system
- acting as a neurotransmitter, adrenaline would activate amygdala which would signal to the hippocampus that long term storage should be strengthened and long lasting neural networks are formed
alzheimers disease
- neurodegenerative disease
- neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques are formed due to the build up of proteins interfering in the communition between neurons
why can some patients of alzhiemers recall old memories
- explicit memories are stored in the cerebral cortex
- if some parts of the cerebral cortex are not affected, then can be remembered
damage to implicit procedural
- remain in tact unless severe neuronal degeneration occurs
cognitive distortions
- changes in our cognitive or mental functioning or thought process
- where do you live
perceptual distortions
- distortion of our awareness of our senses and perception of internal or external stimuli
