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brain trauma Flashcards

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1
Q

influence reliability of memory

A
  • brain trauma
  • brain surgery
  • amnesia
  • neurodegenerative diseases
  • alzheimers disease
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2
Q

brain trauma

A

causes:
stroke
concussion
chemical damage via drugs and alcohol

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3
Q

types of amnesia

A

anterograde

retrograde

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4
Q

anterograde amnesia

A
  • old memories are retained and new memories cannot be formed
  • coding and storage is disrupted
  • commonly seen in alzheimers
  • damage in temporal lobes and hippocampus
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5
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

old memories are lost and new memories can be formed

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6
Q

alzheimers disease

A
  • degeneration of hippocampus and pre frontal cortex
  • formation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles
  • reduction in neurotransmitters (acetylcholine)
  • loss of cells in hippocampus (atrophy)
  • enlarged ventricles
  • anterograde and retrograde amnesia
    symptoms: impaired declarative memory:
  • forgetting names
  • trouble finding the right word to speak
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7
Q

brain surgery

A
  • memory loss

- dangerous to remove tumours in regions associated with memory

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8
Q

brain injury

A
  • refers to any brain damage that impairs or interferes with the normal functioning of the brain, either temporary or permanent
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9
Q

neurodegenerative disease

A
  • progressive decline in structure, activity and function of brain tissue.
    (Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimers disease)
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10
Q

factors influencing memory

A
  • cues
  • rehearsal
  • serial position effect
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11
Q

2 types of cues

A

context specific

state dependent

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12
Q

2 types of rehearsal

A
  • maintenance

- elaborative

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13
Q

context specific cues

A
  • external environment
  • environment when memory is formed
    (sounds, smells, temperature)
  • later help for retrieving memory
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14
Q

state dependent cues

A
  • internal environment
  • psychological and/or physiological state at the time of learning
    (mood, level of anxiety, intoxicated)
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15
Q

elaborative

A
  • way we encode information when we transfer from STM to LTM
  • linking new information in a meaningful way to other new information or information already stored in LTM to aid in storage and retrieval from LTM
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16
Q

maintenance

A
  • keeps information in our immediate awareness (STM)
  • repeating over and over
  • transferred to LTM if repeated 10s or 100 times (if exceed 12-30 secs then lost)
17
Q

serial position effect

A
  • immediate free recall of items at the beginning or end of a list are remembered better than those in the middle
18
Q

primary effect

A
  • explains how words at the beginning are recalled better because words have been rehearsed and transferred to LTM before the capacity of STM has reached
  • will still occur is exceeds 12-30 seconds
19
Q

recency effect

A
  • words at the end of list are recalled well and tend to be recalled first
  • maintenance rehearsal used to keep items in immediate awareness (STM)
  • wont occur is exceeds 12-30 seconds
20
Q

asympote

A
  • inferior recall of items in middle of list
  • as STM reaches its capacity, these middle items are displaced by items at the end of the list before they can adequately be stored and rehearsed in LTM.
21
Q

leading questions

A
  • has content or is phrased in such a way as to suggest what answer is desired or to lead to the desired answer
  • because of the way the question was worded, you might add the new false information in your answer
22
Q

retrieval cue

A
  • any stimulus that assists the process of locating and recovering information stored in memory
  • acts as a cue that guides the search and recovery process within LTM
23
Q

rehearsal

A
  • process of consciously manipulating information to keep in STM, transfer to LTM or aid storage and retrieval
24
Q

limitations of maintenance rehearsal

A
  • if information is continually renewed and retained in STM, the amount of new information that can enter is restricted because of the limited storage capacity of STM
25
Q

elaborative or maintenance

A
  • elaborative is more effortful but more effective

- processing that enhances coding and consolidation for long term storage

26
Q

alzheimers

A
  • neurodegenerative disease involves gradual, severe memory loss, impaired attention…
  • involves both anterograde and retrograde amnesia because disease effects both hippocampus and pre-frontal cortex
  • earliest symptom: impaired declarative memory, patient has difficulty remembering events from the previous day
  • type of dementia
  • typically caused by old age
27
Q

what happens in alzheimers

A
  • develop neurofibrillary tangles (abnormal build up of proteins inside the neuron) and associated with the death of brain cells
  • abnormality involves plaques and tangles
  • interfere with communication between neurons and inhibits transport of essential substances throughout the neuron
  • low levels of memory neurotransmitters, acetylcholine
28
Q

dementia

A
  • disorder affecting higher mental functions

- can be caused by disease, brain damage, reduced blood supply to brain

29
Q

what type of memory is affected in alzheimers

A
  • explicit memories are impaired

- implicit memories remain

30
Q

treatment alzheimers

A
  • no cure

- medication that boost the levels of acetylcholine

psychology (18 decks)

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