Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

psychology > chapter 13 > Flashcards

chapter 13 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

3 ways to measure consciousness

A
  • physiological responses (EEG, EOG, EMG)
  • behavioural and cognitive measures (such as measurement of speed and accuracy on cognitive tasks)
  • self report (subjective) measures, sleep diaries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

weaknesses of only using physiological responses

A
  • cannot identify private and personal conscious experience

- changes to physiological changes may be due to other reasons such as a person having fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

physiological response

A
  • bodily functions:
    brainwave patterns (caused by changes in the electrical activity)
    eye muscle movement
    body muscle movement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

3 main devices

A

EEG
EOG
EMG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

EEG

A
  • detects, amplifies and records electrical activity in brain in the form of brainwaves
  • brainwave patterns
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

process of EEG

A
  • monitoring electrical activity of brain detectable on outside of skull
  • many tiny electrodes are placed on skull in a symmetrical pattern
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what does EEG identifies

A
  • brain activity associated with changes in state of consciousness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

EOG

A

detects, amplifies ad records electrical activity in the muscles that allow the eye to move
- eye movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what does EOG identifies

A
  • changes in voltage as the eyes move and rotate in sockets

- if in REM sleep or not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

process of EOG

A
  • electrodes attached to areas around eye
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

EMG

A
  • device used to measure stages of sleep
  • detects, amplifies and records electrical activity of muscle
  • muscle activity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

process of EMG

A
  • electrodes attached to skin directly above relevant muscle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what does EMG identifies

A
  • higher level of muscular activity and tone, indicates increased alertness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

polysomnogram

A
  • data can be simultaneously from EEG, EOG and EMG and display continuously moving chart
  • allows researchers to compare corresponding data at once and make more informed decisions about the state of consciousness and any underlying problems
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

ways to measure behavioural and cognitive measurements

A
  • measure how long it takes to complete a task (the quicker then more automatic)
  • acquired brain damage (disrupts accuracy and speed of performing cognitive tasks)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

subjective reporting

A
  • measures, such as self reporting or video monitoring that are subjective
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

self reporting

A
  • statements and answers to questions made by participants concerning their psychological experience
  • shows if a person is experiencing NWC
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

limitations of self reporting

A
  • telling the truth
  • can they remember
  • able to describe their experience accurately
  • can researchers interpret the descriptions accurately and reliably
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

video monitoring

A
  • insight into how we behave in different states of consciousness
  • commonly for study of sleep (sleep laboratories can artificial environment or person’s home)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

process of video monitoring

A
  • infrared cameras that operate silently to allow the footage to be seen without disturbing participant
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

level of awareness

A
  • ASC
  • very little awareness of external stimuli
  • something highly personal can awaken (such as a baby crying for a parent)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

content limitations

A
  • contents of our dreams tend to be broader and deeper than our thoughts in NWC
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

controlled and automatic responses

A
  • performing other tasks is impossible

- most sleep walkers (somnambulists) usually carry out routine, automatic responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

perceptual and cognitive disorders

A
  • attention to sensory stimuli is lowered during sleep (including perception of pain)
  • likely to be more disorganised and unrealistic
  • we remember little of our dream
25
Q

emotional awareness

A
  • more or less intense

e. g. nightmare or a good dream

26
Q

self control

A
  • lowered self control (e.g. we may snore, grind our teeth)
27
Q

time orientation

A
  • can be either extremes
  • study shows we have the ability to estimate the amount of time that has elapsed sleeping; thus able to wake up at a predetermined time without an alarm clock
  • associated with our deep sleep (stages 3 and 4 NREM)
28
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

internal body clock located in hypothalamus

- regulates suprachiasmatic nucleus

29
Q

circadian cycle

A
  • peaks (awake and alert) during the day (usually afternoon)

- lowest pint being early in morning (drowsy and sleepy)

30
Q

circadian rhythms

A
  • 24 hours

- sleep wake cycles, alertness, body temperature, growth hormone secretion

31
Q

ultradian rhythms

A
  • less than 24 hours

- REM and NREM sleep cycles

32
Q

infrared rhythms

A
  • more than 24 hours
  • migration patterns of some animals
  • seasonal variation in mood and appetite
  • female menstrual cycle
33
Q

cortisol

A
  • link with our level of awareness

- higher levels associated with greater awareness

34
Q

melatonin

A
  • causes sleepiness and is released during when dark
  • secreted by pineal gland
  • light prevents melatonin secretion and thus, prevents sleepiness
35
Q

adrenalin

A

influencing blood pressure and heart rate

36
Q

internal body clock

A
  • 24.2 hours instead of 24 (longer sleep wake cycle)
37
Q

endogenous

A

based on internal factors

38
Q

zeitgebers

A

external (environment) cues such as light
e.g. detection of light: light sensors found in our eyes and back of our leg which then signals to stop release of melatonin

39
Q

exposure to light at different times

A
  • early morning: cause a phase shift leads to waking
  • afternoon: no effect
  • evening: causes a phase delay by keeping us awake (prevents us from sleeping)
40
Q

ultradian rhythms

A
  • shift between NREM (non rapid eye movement) and REM (rapid eye movement)
  • beginning with NREM
  • cycle for 90 mins
  • experience 4-6 NREM/REM cycles per night
41
Q

stage 1 NREM

A

hypnogogic state: relaxed state that is a transition from being awake to being asleep
- may experience hallucinations, flashes of light and vivid images
hypnogogic jerks: involuntary muscle twitches that cause us to jerk
- lasts for around 5 mins
- can be easily awakened because it is a light sleep

42
Q

stage 2 NREM

A
  • true sleep begins (can be woken fairly easily)

- 50% of total sleep

43
Q

stage 2 NREM - physiological stuff

A
  • eyes stop rolling
  • muscles become further relaxed
  • breathing and heart rate continue to decrease
44
Q

stage 3 NREM

A
  • marks start of deep sleep

- less responsive to external stimuli and more difficult to awaken

45
Q

stage 3 NREM - physiological stuff

A
  • eyes do not move
  • muscles are relaxed
  • heart rate and breathing becomes slower and more regular
46
Q

stage 4 NREM

A
  • deepest sleep

- low level of conscious awareness

47
Q

REM

A
  • eyes move rapidly for short bursts of time
  • first cycle lasts for 10 mins
  • if woken, believe we were day dreaming
48
Q

REM - physiological changes

A
  • repetitive bursts of rapid eye movement
  • heart rate and blood pressure increase and fluctuate
  • body temperature matches surrounding environment
  • no muscle tension (very relaxed to point of almost being paralysed: known as muscle atonia or cataplexy)
49
Q

paradoxical sleep

A
  • body appears calm on exterior (no muscle movement) but other bodily functions and brain are highly active (many features that are similar to being awake)
50
Q

theories of sleep function

A
  • evolutionary theory (circadian)

- restorative (restore and recover) theories of sleep

51
Q

evolutionary

A
  • increases chances of survival
  • depends on if predator or prey
  • depends on the need to find food
  • conserves energy
52
Q

criticisms of evolutionary theory

A
  • sleep is useful but not essential

- says sleep is a way to hide safely from predators, but the loss of awareness makes them vulnerable

53
Q

restorative

A
  • repairs and replenishes body for the next day
  • increases alertness
  • enhances mood
  • metabolic rate
  • activates growth hormone
  • increases immunity to disease
54
Q

hormones involved

A

adenosine: produced when our cells use energy (cellular waste product that accumulates when we are awake)

55
Q

criticism of restorative

A
  • little evidence that more sleep is needed when physically active
  • if first assumption is true, might expect that those physically inactive do not need as much sleep but there is no evidence suggesting this.
  • assumption that body rests during sleep (brain is active and increased blood flow and energy expenditure occurs during REM sleep)
56
Q

limitations of EEG

A
  • poorly measures neural activity that occurs below the outer layer of the brain (i.e. cortex)
  • no detailed information about which particular structures of brain are activated and their functions
57
Q

measurement of speed

A
  • response or reaction time to a stimulus

e. g. such as reflexes

58
Q

measurement of accuracy

A
  • no of correct and incorrect responses
59
Q

trend of NREM sleep

A

as it enters the stages, sleep gets deeper, breathing, blood pressure and heart rate slows

psychology (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions