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psychology > chapter 4 - stress > Flashcards

chapter 4 - stress Flashcards

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1
Q

stressor

A

stimulus that causes stress

- can be positive or negative, environmental, psychological

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2
Q

stress

A

an automatic psychological or physiological arousal in response to an internal or external stressor that challenges a person’s ability to cope to changing conditions

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3
Q

daily pressures

A

day to day life experiences such as fighting with family members
hassles and pressures that seem fairly unimportant
little irritations can have a cumulative effect and will ultimately negatively affect our mental and physical wellbeing

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4
Q

life events

A

involves significant life events such as death of a loved one or beginning of a new job

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5
Q

acculturative stress

A

stress obtained through the process of learning a new language or adapting to customs and laws that are different to their own
- can be related to employment opportunities (discrimination)

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6
Q

major stress and catastrophes hat disrupt entire community

A
  • typically cannot be controlled such as natural disasters
    3 groups who experience stress
  • those who witness the event
  • those who were in the event
  • those part of rescue team who dealt directly with devastation
    (susceptible to PTSD)
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7
Q

fight-flight-freeze response

A
  • critical for survival
    sympathetic: fight and flight
    parasympathetic: freeze
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8
Q

when is it activated

A

impending danger
illness
instances of positive/negative stress

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9
Q

cortisol

A
  • released when the stressor is present, release of other stress hormones such as adrenalin and noradrenalin
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10
Q

role of adrenalin and noradrenalin

A
  • increase in heart rate and respiration so that oxygenated blood travels around the body to increase alertness
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11
Q

role of cortisol

A

maintain blood glucose levels

- however prolonged stress suppresses the immune system and makes us more vulnerable to illnesses

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12
Q

what happens when the stressor is removed

A

acetylcholine is released into the bloodstream and lowers the levels of cortisol, adrenalin and noradrenaline

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13
Q

allostasis

A
  • process of change that occurs to return the body to homeostasis
  • frequent activation of fight-flight-freeze response can lead to increasing our allostatic load
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14
Q

allostatic load

A

cumulative negative effects such as a weakened immune system in order to re-establish homeostasis

  • occurs because our body is not designed to withstand repeated activations for a long period of time
  • resistance
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15
Q

allostatic overload

A
  • no longer able to deal with these pressures and our physical reserves are depleted
  • exhaustion
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16
Q

General adaptation syndrome (GAS)

A

3 phase pattern of physiological responses

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17
Q

alarm

A
  • fight-flight-freeze response is activated, resulting in the release of stress hormones; cortisol, adrenalin and noradrenalin in order to increase energy
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18
Q

shock

A

momentary drop in body temperature and blood pressure

- fainting/heart attack

19
Q

countershock

A

increases resistance to stressor
release of cortisol, adrenalin and noradrenalin
increased respiration and heart rate
fight-flight-freeze response is activated

20
Q

resistance

A

parasympathetic nervous system is activated; reduces the heart rate and respiration however, the blood glucose levels and stress hormones continue to circulate around the body
- if stress continues, the body remains in an elevated state with great energy resources in order to adapt physiologically to a higher level of stress; this depresses the immune system and makes hem more vulnerable to illnesses

21
Q

exhaustion

A

prolonged levels of physiological arousal; decline of body’s abilities to meet demands of stressor

  • biological resources are depleted become severely depleted, susceptible to more life-threatening illnesses such as death; psychological exhaustion like depression
  • increased release of cortisol
22
Q

strengths of GAS

A
  • greater the intensity, the greater the physiological response
  • identifies important connections between prolonged stress and illnesses
23
Q

limitations of GAS

A
  • model is based on research conducted on rats and could not be generalised for human subjects
  • fails to recognise the role of emotion or cognition
24
Q

lazarus and folkman’s transactional model of stress

A

focuses on psychological and cognitive processes of stress

  • used human subjects
  • emphasises individual perception and assessment of stressor
25
Q

cognitive appraisal

A

influenced by person’s beliefs, goals, customs etc

26
Q

primary appraisal

A

rapid interpretation of the situation; whether or not it is perceived as a threat

27
Q

secondary appraisal

A

made at a more conscious level

  • person assesses what resources and energy they have to cope with the stressor
  • what strategies could be used to cope (emotion or problem)
28
Q

problem focused strategies

A
  • reduce stress by behavioural modifications
  • targets the stressor directly
    e. g. taking control; such as revising more thoroughly for the next sac
  • adaptive form of coping
29
Q

emotion focused strategies

A
  • reduce negative feelings associated with the stressor
    can be adaptive (proactive strategies to help reduce stress) or maladaptive (denial or distraction; preventing the person to adjust to the stressful situation)
  • targets emotional feeling triggered by stressor
30
Q

strengths of lazarus

A
  • uses human subjects for developing the model

- acknowledges that perception of stress would differ

31
Q

limitations of lazarus

A
  • primary appraisal and secondary appraisal can occur simultaneously
  • due to its subjective manner, difficult to experimentally test
32
Q

context specific effectiveness

A

considers unique characteristics of a situation or environment that the person is required to adapt to
- effectiveness is determined by past experiences and whether the strategies previously used worked

33
Q

coping flexibility

A

ability of an individual to replace an ineffective coping strategy with a different effective one

34
Q

reappraisal

A

realise that it is not as bad as we originally thought or decide to reinterpret the situation as a challenge.

35
Q

ways to deal with stress

A

exercise, avoidant, approach

36
Q

exercise

A

not being physically active may result in agitation or anxiety

37
Q

exercise and cardiovascular system

A

short term: increased heart rate, increased bp, increased oxygen sent to working muscles
long term: reduced recovery time, reduction in heart rate, increased strength and size of heart muscle

38
Q

role of edorphins

A

natural painkillers; interacts with receptors of brain and reduces physical pain after injury

39
Q

avoidant

A

denial - pretending the stressor doesnt exist
distancing - places distance between stressor and themselves; temporarily achieving relief
oversleeping - using sleep to avoid stressful situations
- typically used when beyond control

40
Q

approach

A

seeking advice from counsellors or family members

accepting responsibility or blame

41
Q

stress

A

automatic physiological and psychological arousal caused by internal or external stressors that challenge a persons ability to cope/adapt to the situation

42
Q

coping

A

act of constantly changing thoughts or behaviours in order to manage stressors

43
Q

chronic vs acute

A

long term vs intensity

44
Q

why is exercise important

A
  • reduces stress hormone levels in bloodstream

- release of endorphins which reduce pain and stress levels

psychology (18 decks)

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