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memory Flashcards

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1
Q

processes of memory

A

encoding
storage
retrieval

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2
Q

Atkinson’s multistore model of memory

A

sensory
short term
long term

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3
Q

types of sensory

A

iconic

echoic

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4
Q

types of long term

A

declarative

procedural

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5
Q

encoding

A

process of putting information into a form which will allow it to fit in with your personal storage system (electrochemical code)

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6
Q

storage

A

keeping information in brain, storing in an organised way

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7
Q

retrieval

A

process of getting information back from memory

  • depends on the right cues so we can get to the correct location
  • spread over a huge population of cells throughout different regions of the brain
  • memories are rough copies rather than exact replicas
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8
Q

sensory memory

A
  • entry point of memory where new incoming sensory information is stored for a very brief period
  • transfers to short term memory if the person pays attention to it, where we become consciously aware of it
  • unlimited storage capacity
  • information is either lost due to decay (not being used) and displacement (being pushed out)
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9
Q

short term memory

A

limited store
actively conscious memory
information transferred to long term memory if it has been encoded

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10
Q

long term memory

A

virtually limitless capacity
needs retrieval to bring back into consciousness
permanent memory storage

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11
Q

atkinson shiffrin multi store model of memory

A

shows the flow of information; environmental input (information from our surroundings) enters short term memory if paid attention to; can enter long term memory (permanent storage of information) if rehearsed and encoded.

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12
Q

function of sensory memory

A
  • perceive the world as smooth and ongoing as possible

- prevents us from being overwhelmed by the huge amounts of incoming sensory information

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13
Q

sensory memory

A

information in environment is received by the senses

- unlimited capacity bu brief duration

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14
Q

iconic memory

A

visual sensory memory
0.3 seconds
unlimited capacity
fades rapidly

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15
Q

echoic memory

A

acoustic form of encoding
3-4 seconds
fades rapidly
unlimited capacity

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16
Q

short term memory

A

allows us to retain information for long enough to use it

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17
Q

short term memory as a whole

A
  • incoming sensory information and if sufficiently attended to then enters short term memory
  • draw information from long term memory to short term memory to evaluate and understand information we are working on now
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18
Q

duration and capacity of short term memory

A

duration: 12-30 seconds (no interference)
capacity: 5-9 pieces of information

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19
Q

when capacity of stm is reached

A

new information can only be put into stm by displacing existing information

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20
Q

interference

A

when new information enters stm and pushes out information that is in our immediate awareness

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21
Q

maintenance rehearsal

A
  • retain info (keep it in our immediate awareness)

- increases chances of it being moved to long term memory

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22
Q

methods of maintenance rehearsal

A

verbal (using words)

non-verbal (using visuals or spatial awareness)

23
Q

verbal (using words)

A

vocal - saying words out loud

sub-vocal - thinking words silently to one self

24
Q

non-verbal (using visuals or spatial awareness)

A

visualising: keeping an image in one’s mind
muscular: imagining how it feels to perform an action

25
Q

where is long term memory stored

A

semantic networks

26
Q

duration and capacity of long term memory

A

duration: difficult to determine because sometimes they are thought to be ‘forgotten’ but with appropriate cues, will come back
capacity: difficult to determine because ‘forgetting’ long term memory is due to poor retrieval cues rather than capacity limitations

27
Q

2 types of long term

A

declarative

procedural

28
Q

declarative

A

semantic

episodic

29
Q

semantic memory

A

memory of facts or knowledge

30
Q

episodic memory

A

personalised memories of events

autobiographical memory

31
Q

declarative memory

A

memories of personal experiences (events) and facts

32
Q

procedural memory

A

‘how to’ memories
occurs after practice’
resistance to forgetting

33
Q

link between implicit and procedural

A
  • memory for skills is largely unconscious

- these memories do not decline much

34
Q

2 types of episodic memory

A

retrospective - remembering past events

prospective - remembering things to do in the future

35
Q

implicit

A

unconscious retrieval of memories
does not require intentional, deliberate recall
procedural, motor learning and classical conditioning

36
Q

explicit

A

conscious retrieval of memory (recall and recognition)
declarative memory
hippocampus

37
Q

amygdala

A
  • brain structure involved in implicit memory and emotional aspects of declarative memory (recognising emotions of faces)
  • forms long term implicit
  • procedural memories such as skill learning and classical conditioning
  • contributes to explicit/declarative memory consolidation
38
Q

photographic memory

A

ability to form and recall sharp, detailed visual images of a picture after examining for a short amount of time

39
Q

frontal lobes

A
  • storage, processing and encoding procedural memories
  • episodic memories
  • memory for language (higher order thinking) and memory for motor skills tasks
40
Q

occipital lobes

A

memories of pictures

41
Q

parietal lobes

A

spatial awareness (awareness of oneself in space)

42
Q

temporal lobes

A

memories for sound

memory for the names of colours

43
Q

hippocampus

A

forming explicit memories
integrates information from a number of brain areas to form a single declarative memory that it transfers to long term memory (relay station between STM and LTM)
consolidating and retrieving long term declarative memories
- does not permanently store the memories itself

44
Q

basal ganglia

A
  • long term procedural memory

- movement

45
Q

cerebellum

A
  • encoding, processing and temporary storing procedural implicit memories
  • classical conditioned responses (implicit memory)
  • memory of motor skills tasks
46
Q

role of hippocampus

A
  • these cells are able to reproduce and enable new memories to form
  • forming and consolidating explicit memory and memory of complex tasks that require declarative memory
  • establishing the background or context for new memories such as location and situation
  • transfers declarative memory to other relevant parts of the brain for permanent storage as ltm (such as cerebral cortex)
47
Q

role of amygdala

A
  • formation of implicit memories (classical conditioning and emotional memory)
48
Q

hippocampal damage

A
  • hippocampus is responsible for explicit memory consolidation (declarative memories like general knowledge or personal experiences); so if this is damaged, they are still able to learn and remember procedural information such as motor skills or habits but cannot remember actually performing them.
  • fail to consolidate memories but could still have procedural memories
49
Q

cerebral cortex

A
  • formation and storage of implicit and explicit memories
  • long term declarative memories stored in different cortical areas
  • procedural memories tend to be stored in frontal lobes
50
Q

memory

A
  • consisting of a collection of interconnected and interacting systems
  • encoding, storage and retrieval of information acquired through learning
51
Q

decay in STM

A

information is not renewed (e.g. through repetition) and simply fades away with the passage of time

52
Q

chunking

A
  • grouping of separate bits of information into a larger single unit of information to increase capacity of STM
53
Q

when retrieving explicit memories

A
  • hippocampus will enable you to remember details of the memory such as where and when the event happened
  • amygdala remember the emotional arousal content and sympathetic nervous system reactions that have been linked to the memory may be initiated; such as your muscles may tighten, heart may beat faster.

psychology (18 decks)

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