species and taxonomy Flashcards
what is a species
a group of similar organisums that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring
how does the binomal namig system work
the first part is the genus and the scond is the species
what is courtship behavior
allowes animals to recognise memers of their own species and identify a mate capable of breeding
it indicates the healthiest male that will pass on advantagous alleles
what is artifical classification
based on analogous characteristsics where they have the same function but not the same evolutionary origin
what is phylogenetic classification
evolutionary relationship of homologous features
arranged in heirarchy groups
what are the taxonomic groups
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species
what is a habitat
a place where a community or organisums usually lives
what is an ecosystem
all the populations of all the different organisums interacting in a particular place at the same time
what is biodiversity
the number and variety of all the living and non living componenets in an area
what is species diversity
number of different species and number of inderviduals of those species within a community
what is genetic diversity
number of differnet genes possesed by individuals of any one species
what is ecosystem diversity
range of different habitats within a spesific area
why is it more useful to calculate species diveristy index than just the number of species present
species diversity index measures the number of differnet species and the memebers of each species in each species
what can cause deforestation
human demand
wildfires
reasons for deforestation
agriculture
grazing
fuel
oil and mining
roads
housing
commercial logging
concequences of deforestation
soil errosion - leaching of ions , flooding and desterification
less potential medicines
less carbon sequenciation
less biodiversity
what is carbon sequensiation
trees taking in co2
how does clearing land for farming cause diversity of insects to decrease
loss of habitats so less survive
fertilisers lower plant diveristy
pesticides kill noon targeted insects
smaller food source so more competition
what is conservation
concept of maintainance of high biodiversity and organisum habitats
what is monoculture
cultivation of single species over a large area
what is an agricultural ecosystem
species are selected that contain the alleles that exhibit the desired characteristics
how does agriculture impact biodoversity
it is grown in large quantities to make it profitable but that means there is less space for other species so there is competition for space and resources
pesticides can exclude other species making the area less diverse and less stable
three ways pesticides effect other animals
effect non target species
larger animals loose food source
birds of pray eat poisoned pests whih will casue toxins to accumilate in them
when comparing DNA in different organisums what does a high percentage mean
they are closer relatives
principle of immunological comparrison of protiens
antibodies of one species will respond to spesififc antigens on the protien of the blood serum of another
process of immunological comparrison of proteins
serum albium from species A is injeted into species B and produces antibodies spesific to antigens on A
serum is extracted from B containing spesific antibodies for A
this is mixed with serum from species C and a preticipate is formed
the greater the number of similar antigens the more preticipate formed and the closer related they are
what is interspesific varriation
varriation between different species
what is intraspesific varriation
varriation within a species
what causes varriations by genetic differeneces
mutations
inherrited alleles
sexual reproduction
independant segregation / crossing over
random fertilisation
what causes varriation by environmental differneces
nutrients availaible
light exposure
temperature / climate
water availablity
how to minimise the impact of sampling bias
carry out random sampling by dividing the study area into a grid
use a random number generator to get coordinates and take samples where they intersect
use a large sample size to reduce the influence of anomalies
how to minimise the impact of chance
use statistical tests to analyse and determine the extent to which chance may have an influenece
why is standard deviation better than the mean
mean does not concider the range of values within a sample
standard deviation is the spread of measurements about the mean
