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biology > respiration > Flashcards

respiration Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the overall respiration equation

A

C6 H12 O2 + 6O2 - 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38ATP

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2
Q

where does glycolysis happen

A

in the cell cytoplasm

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3
Q

where does the link reaction happen

A

matrix of the mitrochondira

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4
Q

where does the krebs cycle happen

A

matrix of the mitrochondira

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5
Q

where does the electron transport chain happen

A

intermembrane space

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6
Q

what type of respiration is glycolysis

A

anerobic

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7
Q

describe the phosphorylation in glycolysis

A

glucose enters
ATP becomes ADP
phosphorlyated glucose is produced

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8
Q

describe the oxidation of glycolysis

A

phosphorylated glucose is hydrolysied to make triosphosphate
4ADP becomes 4ATP
2NAD becomes 4 RED NAD
pyruvate is formed

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9
Q

net output of glycolysis

A

2 pyruvate
2 ATP
2 reduced NAD

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10
Q

describe the link reaction

A

pyruvate enters
1 CO2 is lost
NAD is reduced
acetate is formed
co enzyme A is added
acetyl co enzyme A is formed

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11
Q

net out after glycolysis and link reaction

A

4 reduced NAD
2 ATP
1 acetyl co enzyme A
2 CO2

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12
Q

how many pyruvate are made from 1 glucose in gylcolysis

A

2
so link and krebs happens twice for every glucose in glycolysis

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13
Q

describe the krebs cycle

A

acetyl coA joins with oxaiacetate and coA is released
this makes citrate which enters the krebs cycle
2 CO2 are released and 3 NAD are reduced
FAD is reduced
1 ATP is made from ADP
reduced co enzymes are passed to the electron transport chain
substrate level phosphorylation happens as ATP is produced

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14
Q

what is produced in krebs cycle

A

2 CO2
3 RED NAD
1 RED FAD
1 ATP

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15
Q

total output for one glucose molecule

A

6CO2
10 RED NAD
2 RED FAD
4 ATP

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16
Q

how do hydrogens reach the electron transport chain

A

carried by co enzymes NAD and FAD

17
Q

what is the name of the process in the electron transport chain

A

oxidative phosphorylation

18
Q

describe the electron transport chain

A

RED NAD is oxidised to make NAD
2e- are released and bounce along the cytochromes loosing energy
RED FAD is oxidised and does the same but doesnt make as much ATP
the proton pump pumps H+ into the inner membrane
oxygen is the final electron acceptor and reacts with the 2e- and the H+ to make water
H+ travel up ATP synthase by facilitated diffusion and react with ADP + PI to make ATP

19
Q

what are the alternative respiratory substrates

A

lipids and proteins broken down and products are modified to enter the krebs cycle depending on the carbon atoms they contain

20
Q

how can respiration be measured

A

using a respirometer
oxygen is taken up by the respiring organisum
carbon dioxide is absorbed by potasium hydroxide
decrease in pressure in the cappilary tubing
drop of coloured liqid moves towards the organisum

21
Q

why does the coloured drop move towards the experimental tube

A

pressure in experimental tube drops because snail is taking in oxygen for respiration
control tube has a higher pressure so it moves towards experimental tube

22
Q

what happens in anerobic respiration in bacteria

A

pyruvate loses 1 carbon dioxide
reduced NAD is oxidised
2 hydrogen are passed to pyruvate (reducing it )
produces ethanol

23
Q

what happens in anerobic respiration in aniamls

A

glucose is only partly broken down
reduced NAD is oxididsed
each pyruvate gets 2 hydrogen and becomes lactate
lactate concentration increases

NAD is now available to gain hydrogen atoms so glycolysis continues

24
Q

why is reduced NAD oxidised in anerobic respiration

A

because NAD is required for glycolysis to continue
with out NAD it would stop

25
Q

concequences of anerobic respiration

A

lactate concentration increases
lower pH (more acidic)
denaturing proteins

26
Q

what happens in anerobic respiratin when oxygen becomes available

A

lactate is oxidised to become pyruvate
which enters in to the link reaction, krebs cycle and electon transport chain
or the re synthysis of glycogen into glucose

27
Q

when glucose is respired what happens to energy not used in ATP

A

released as heat (sweat)

biology (18 decks)

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