respiration Flashcards
what is the overall respiration equation
C6 H12 O2 + 6O2 - 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38ATP
where does glycolysis happen
in the cell cytoplasm
where does the link reaction happen
matrix of the mitrochondira
where does the krebs cycle happen
matrix of the mitrochondira
where does the electron transport chain happen
intermembrane space
what type of respiration is glycolysis
anerobic
describe the phosphorylation in glycolysis
glucose enters
ATP becomes ADP
phosphorlyated glucose is produced
describe the oxidation of glycolysis
phosphorylated glucose is hydrolysied to make triosphosphate
4ADP becomes 4ATP
2NAD becomes 4 RED NAD
pyruvate is formed
net output of glycolysis
2 pyruvate
2 ATP
2 reduced NAD
describe the link reaction
pyruvate enters
1 CO2 is lost
NAD is reduced
acetate is formed
co enzyme A is added
acetyl co enzyme A is formed
net out after glycolysis and link reaction
4 reduced NAD
2 ATP
1 acetyl co enzyme A
2 CO2
how many pyruvate are made from 1 glucose in gylcolysis
2
so link and krebs happens twice for every glucose in glycolysis
describe the krebs cycle
acetyl coA joins with oxaiacetate and coA is released
this makes citrate which enters the krebs cycle
2 CO2 are released and 3 NAD are reduced
FAD is reduced
1 ATP is made from ADP
reduced co enzymes are passed to the electron transport chain
substrate level phosphorylation happens as ATP is produced
what is produced in krebs cycle
2 CO2
3 RED NAD
1 RED FAD
1 ATP
total output for one glucose molecule
6CO2
10 RED NAD
2 RED FAD
4 ATP
how do hydrogens reach the electron transport chain
carried by co enzymes NAD and FAD
what is the name of the process in the electron transport chain
oxidative phosphorylation
describe the electron transport chain
RED NAD is oxidised to make NAD
2e- are released and bounce along the cytochromes loosing energy
RED FAD is oxidised and does the same but doesnt make as much ATP
the proton pump pumps H+ into the inner membrane
oxygen is the final electron acceptor and reacts with the 2e- and the H+ to make water
H+ travel up ATP synthase by facilitated diffusion and react with ADP + PI to make ATP
what are the alternative respiratory substrates
lipids and proteins broken down and products are modified to enter the krebs cycle depending on the carbon atoms they contain
how can respiration be measured
using a respirometer
oxygen is taken up by the respiring organisum
carbon dioxide is absorbed by potasium hydroxide
decrease in pressure in the cappilary tubing
drop of coloured liqid moves towards the organisum
why does the coloured drop move towards the experimental tube
pressure in experimental tube drops because snail is taking in oxygen for respiration
control tube has a higher pressure so it moves towards experimental tube
what happens in anerobic respiration in bacteria
pyruvate loses 1 carbon dioxide
reduced NAD is oxidised
2 hydrogen are passed to pyruvate (reducing it )
produces ethanol
what happens in anerobic respiration in aniamls
glucose is only partly broken down
reduced NAD is oxididsed
each pyruvate gets 2 hydrogen and becomes lactate
lactate concentration increases
NAD is now available to gain hydrogen atoms so glycolysis continues
why is reduced NAD oxidised in anerobic respiration
because NAD is required for glycolysis to continue
with out NAD it would stop
concequences of anerobic respiration
lactate concentration increases
lower pH (more acidic)
denaturing proteins
what happens in anerobic respiratin when oxygen becomes available
lactate is oxidised to become pyruvate
which enters in to the link reaction, krebs cycle and electon transport chain
or the re synthysis of glycogen into glucose
when glucose is respired what happens to energy not used in ATP
released as heat (sweat)
