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biology > homeostasis > Flashcards

homeostasis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is homeostasis

A

physiological control systems that maintain the internal environment within restricted limits in responce to extrenal change

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2
Q

why do endotherms(warm blooded) have greater range of tolerance

A

they have homeostatic controls to withstand more conditions

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3
Q

what are the advantages of intrinsic protein receptors

A

the hormone does not have to enter the cell

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4
Q

decribe the secondary messanger system for blood glucose regulation

A

adrenaline binds to intrinsic receptors in the plasma membrane
adenylate cyclase is activated
cyclic amp is formed by atp
protien kinase is activated
glycogen hydrolised to glucose

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5
Q

what is gluconeolysis

A

making new glucose from glucose and amino acids

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6
Q

what is glycogenolysis

A

splitting of glycogen

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7
Q

what is glycogenesis

A

making of glycogen

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8
Q

name the parts of the islets of langerhan and what they do

A

beta cells - secret insulin
alpha cells - secretes glucagon

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9
Q

describe what happens when there is a rise in glucose concentration

A

detection by beta cells in the islets of langerhans
insulin produced and secreted and travels in the blood to bind to receptors on target cell causing muscle and liver to take in glucose leads to glycogenesis
stops glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

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10
Q

short and long term concequences of low blood pressure

A

confused and fatigued because nerves cannot function lon term
short term water potential of cells increase

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11
Q

describe what happens when there is a fall in blood glucose concentration

A

detection by alpha cells which produce and secrete glucagon
it binds to receptor cell adrenaline cyclase is released making camp from atp which phosphorylises protien kinase converting glycogen to glucose

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12
Q

describe the actions of glucagon

A

active enzymes effect in liver hydrolysis of glycogen to glucose
synthesises glucose from amino acids and glycerol

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13
Q

describe the action of adrenaline

A

adenylate cyclase activated atp to camp
phosphorylation to activate protein kinase
glycogen to glucose

effects liver and muscles

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14
Q

type 1 diabetes

A

doesnt produce insulin

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15
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

resistant to your own insulin

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16
Q

what can diabetes cause

A

high blood pressure because more osmosis into plasma membrane

blindness
stroke
amputation

17
Q

how do oral medications help diabetes

A

reduces glucose absorption in the ileum
stop starch digesion by inhibiting
amalyase
reduced glycogenolysis
increases insulin production from beta cells

18
Q

5 molecules that move into glomerular filtrate

A

h2o , glucose , hormones , amino acids , o2

19
Q

what 5 things that prevents the movement of small molecules out of capillaries into filtrate

A

enothelium and basement membrane
epithelial cells and renal capsual
podocytes
hydrostatic pressure in fluid of renal capsual space
osmotic pressure of glomerous filtrate

20
Q

what % of water reabsorption happens in the proximal convoluted tube

A

85 % out the the total 99%

21
Q

adaptations of the epithelial cell for reabsorption

A

micro villi to increase surface area so more diffusion happens
mitrochondria produces atp in oxidative phosphorylation
sodium potatsium pump

22
Q

what is the structure and function of the ascending limb of the loop of henle

A

thicker wall
starts narrow and the widens
impermeable to water but permeabel to mineral ions

23
Q

what is the structure and function in the decending limb in the loop of henle

A

thinner wall
narrow
permeable to water

24
Q

explain counter current flow in the loop of henle

A

the ascending limb and decending limb flow in opposite directions to maintain conc gradient across the whole length of the loop

25
Q

describe the distal convoluted tubule

A

final ajustments to water , salt to maintain pH of the blood
they have microvilli and many mitrochondria
reabsorbs by active transport
hormones affect the walls permeability

26
Q

describe the collecting duct

A

found in the medulla
connects the nephron and the ureter
moves out of the collecting duct by osmosis due to the concentration gradient created by active transport of minerals in the ascending loop
water leaves by channel proteins
adh controls water loss

27
Q

describe movement in the loop of henle

A

descending limb
water leaves by osmosis decreasing water potential in the tube

ascending limb
sodium moves out by facilitaed diffusion when the conc gradient is high and then active transport lowering water potential of the tissue surounding the tube

28
Q

what is the hypothalamus

A

region of the brain which acts as a control centre of the involuntry nervous system

29
Q

what is an osmoreceptors

A

cells within the hypothalmus that detects changes in blood water potential

30
Q

what is a pituitary gland

A

endocrine gland situated at the base of the brain
anterior (front ) and posterior ( back)

31
Q

what is ADH

A

hormone produced by hypothalmus and secreted by posterior pituitary gland

32
Q

what happens when blood water potential is too high

A

detected by the osmoreceptor in the hypothalmus
posterior lobe of pituitary gland releases less ADH
walls of collecting duct and distal convoluted tube become less permibale
more urine is less concentrated
water potential gradient decreases

33
Q

what happens when blood water potential is too low

A

cells shrivel and this is detected by the osmoreceptors in hypothalmus
posterior lobe of pituotary gland releases ADH
ADH reaches collecting duct via blood making it more permiable to H2O
less urine and is more concentrated

34
Q

describe the action of ADH

A

binds to protiens on the surface of the cell
leading to the activation of the enzyme phosphorylase casuing vesicles containing aquaporins to fuse with cell surface membrane
increasing its permeability to water

biology (18 decks)

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