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biological molecules overview Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are monomers

A

a small unit from which larger molecules are made

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2
Q

what are polymers

A

a large number of monomers joined together

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3
Q

give 3 examples of a monomer

A

monosaccharides
amino acids
nucleotides

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4
Q

what is a condensation reaction

A

joining two molecules together with the formation of a chemical bond and the elimination of water

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5
Q

what is a hydrolysis reaction

A

it breaks down chemical bonds between two molecules by using water

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6
Q

what is a monosaccharide

A

a monomer which makes larger carbohydrate molecules.

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7
Q

give 3 examples of a monosaccharide

A

glucose
galactose
fructose

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8
Q

what type of bond does the condensation reaction between two monosaccharides form

A

glycosidic bonds

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9
Q

how are disaccharides formed

A

a condensation reaction between two monosaccharides

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10
Q

how is maltose formed

A

condensation reaction between two alpha glucose

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11
Q

what type of bonds does maltose have

A

1-4 glycosilic

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12
Q

how is sucrose formed

A

condensation of glucose and fructose

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13
Q

how is lactose formed

A

condensation of glucose and galactose

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14
Q

what is an isomer

A

two molecules with the same formula but a different structure

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15
Q

what are polysaccharides

A

many glucose units joined together by glycosidic bonds in a condensation reaction

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16
Q

what two polysaccharides are formed by the condensation of alpha glucose

A

glycogen
starch

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17
Q

what polysaccharide is formed by the condensation of beta glucose

A

cellulose

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18
Q

what is the structure of glycogen

A

alpha glucose
1-4 & 1-6 glycosidic bonds
highly branched
insoluble in water

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19
Q

what is the function of glycogen

A

storage in animals

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20
Q

what makes glycogen good at its function

A

it is highly branched which means there are more reducing ends.
this allows glucose to be released quickly and efficiently so animals can respire aerobically

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21
Q

what is the structure of starch

A

alpha glucose
1-4 & 1-6 glycosidic bonds
not much branching
coiled and compact
insoluble

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22
Q

what is starches function

A

storage in plants

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23
Q

what makes starch good at its function

A

starch is coiled and compact which mean that glucose cannot quickly be released so instead it is stored
(this is because plants do not need to quickly run away )
it is insoluble so it doesn’t affect water potential of a plant
it is large so it cannot diffuse from the cell

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24
Q

what is the structure of cellulose

A

beta glucose
straight chains
1-4 glycosidic bonds
hydrogen bonds between parallel cellulose bonds
fully permeable in water

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25
Q

what is the function of cellulose

A

structural - cell walls in plants

26
Q

what makes cellulose good at its function

A

lots of hydrogen bonds make it strong and they form microfibrils and fibrils

27
Q

name and describe the biochemical test for reducing sugars

A

benedict’s solution
put a sample in a test tube
add benedict’s solution
put it in a water bath for a controlled period of time
brick red is positive
the closer to brick red the more monosaccharides are present

28
Q

what is the difference between alpha glucose and beta glucose

A

they have a 180 degree rotation at the C1

29
Q

explain how the benedict’s solution test shows a positive result
(chemically)

A

benedict’s reagent becomes reduced (gains electrons) from the reducing centre of glucose. sugar becomes oxidised (looses electrons)

30
Q

how do you get a positive result in benedict’s solution with a non reducing sugar

A

boil the sugar with hydrochloric acid to return it to a monomer
the add benedict’s solution

31
Q

name two lipids groups

A

triglycerides and phospholipids

32
Q

how are triglycerides formed

A

condensation of one glycerol molecule and three fatty acid molecules

33
Q

what bond is formed during the reaction between a glycerol and fatty acid

A

ester bond

34
Q

what about their structure means that unsaturated fatty acids liquid at room temperature

A

the kink in the chain of molecules where the double carbon bond is means that not as many chains can pack together

35
Q

what about their structure means that saturated fatty acids are solid at room temperature

A

chains are in straight lines which means they can be closely packed together

36
Q

what is the difference between a triglyceride and a phosolipid

A

phosolipids only have two fatty acids and a phosphate head bonded to the glycerol instead of three
triglycerides repel water - phospholipids attract water

37
Q

what is the function of a triglyceride

A

energy source

38
Q

describe the emulsion test

A

put a food sample in a test tube
add ethanol
shake it inorder to dissolve any lipids in the sample
add an equal amount of water as ethanol and gently shake
cloudy white liquid means a lipid is present

39
Q

what is an amino acid

A

the monomer which proteins are made of

40
Q

draw an amino acid

A

r
I
H2N - C - COOH
I
H

41
Q

what is H2N in an amino acid

A

the amine group

42
Q

what is COOH in an amino acid

A

carboxyl group

43
Q

what is R in an amino acid

A

carbon containing side chain ( it is different in every amino acid )

44
Q

what bond is formed during the condensation reaction of two polypeptides

A

peptide bonds

45
Q

how many polypeptides in an functional protein

A

one or more

46
Q

what three amino acids repeat in collagen

A

glycine , promine , alomine

47
Q

what is the primary structure protein

A

sequence of amino acids

if this changes than it will effect everything else

48
Q

what is the secondary structure protein

A

folding of primary structure into an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet

49
Q

what bonds form in the secondary protein structure

A

hydrogen bonds form between hydrogen in the amine group and double oxygen bond in carboxyl group

50
Q

what bonds form in the primary protein structure

A

peptide bonds

51
Q

what is the tertiary structure

A

folding of secondary sequence into a 3D shape
not all polypeptides have tertiary structure

52
Q

what bonds happen in the tertiary structure protein

A

disulfide , ionic, hydrogen
hydrophobic interactions
larger round proteins (enzymes ) make lots of bonds
structural proteins (collagen) dont make any

53
Q

what is the quaternary structure protein

A

multiple polypeptides join together
the addition of prosthetic group
not all polypeptides have this

54
Q

what are the two types of protein

A

globulas and fibrous

55
Q

what are globulas proteins

A

functional
highly specific
irregular

56
Q

what are fibrous proteins

A

one error wont change the function
repetitive
strengthening

57
Q

describe the biurets test

A

put a sample in a test tube with biurets reagent
if it turns purple then protein is present
blue indicates protein is absent

58
Q

what is an anabolic reaction

A

making larger moleclues

59
Q

what is a catabolic reaction

A

breaking down of moleclues

60
Q

what glyosidic bond does sucrose have

A

1-2

biology (18 decks)

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