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biology > Nucleic Acid > Flashcards

Nucleic Acid Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what structures are made from DNA and where are they found

A

double helix structures (chromosones) are made from DNA and are found in the nucleus

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2
Q

what type of protein is also contained in a chromosone and what does it do

A

histones
holds DNA during replication

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3
Q

what are the monomers of DNA and RNA called

A

nucloetides

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4
Q

what reaction joins the components of a nucleotide together

A

condensation reaction to form phosphodiester bonds

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5
Q

name the 4 nitrogenous bases in DNA

A

cytosine
guanine
thymine
adenine

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6
Q

name the 4 nitrogenous bases in RNA

A

cytosine
guanine
adenine
uracil

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7
Q

what is one side of a chromosone called

A

a chromotid

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8
Q

what two things make up a chromotid

A

DNA tightly coiled round a histone

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9
Q

what 3 parts make up DNA

A

phosphate group
deoxyribose sugar
nitrogous base

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10
Q

what are the differences between DNA and RNA

A

DNA
double strand
A,T,C,G
dexoyribose

very stable
contains hereditary material

RNA
single strand
A,U,C,G
ribose

used in protien synthysis
short lived

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11
Q

how many more oxygen does RNA have than DNA

A

1

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12
Q

how many hydrogen bonds can form between base pairs

A

3 between C and G
2 between A and T

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13
Q

is DNA parallel or antiparallel

A

anti parallel

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14
Q

will C-G bonds or A-T bonds be stronger and why

A

C-G becuase they have more hydrogen bonds

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15
Q

why is it a good thing that the DNA is very stable

A

to passes from generation to generation and rarely mutates

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16
Q

why is it good that they two polynucleotide strands are linked only by hydrogen bonds

A

during replication and protein synthesis strands are easily separated

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17
Q

why is it a good thing that DNA is a huge molecule

A

it can store lots of information

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18
Q

why is it a good thing that DNA is coiled into a double helix with a sugar - phosphate backbone

A

the information is protected a bit within the coil

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19
Q

why are base pairing good in DNA

A

allows DNA to replicate and transfer RNA as info

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20
Q

what does in vivo mean

A

by a living organism (rather than a lab )

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21
Q

how was the fact that DNA was hereditary material tested

A

mice were injected with harmful and safe pneumonia
both mice remained healthy
then the mice are given both types of pneumonia and they become ill

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22
Q

what were the three theories that explained why the mice became ill from the two types of pneumonia

A
  1. experimental error ( harmful pnemonia wasnt killed )
  2. safe bacteria mutated into harmful bacteria
  3. pneumonia is caused my toxins. harmful bacteria knows how to kill but is dead so cant. safe bacteria doesnt know how to kill but is alive. but this info may have been transfered to the safe pneumonia making it capable to kill
23
Q

how was theory 3 tested in pneumonia in mice

A

harmful bacteria was purified and added to safe bacteria
the substances which then became harmful was DNA because the info had been passed on in replication

24
Q

how was DNA as a hereditary material tested with a virus

A

the proteins and DNA were taken from a virus and radioactive material was attached
they both infected a bacteria
the bacteria was tested to see which one became radio active
the answer was the one with radio active DNA

25
Q

what 4 conditions must be met for DNA replication to happen

A

1 a pool of free nucleotides must be present
2 both strands of DNA must be copied as a template
3 the enzyme DNA polymerase and DNA helicase must be present
4 atp needs to drive the process

26
Q

what type of replication is it and why

A

semi conservative
because one original strand remains in tact and a new complementary strand is formed

27
Q

how is the leading strand (towards the fork)
replicated

A

continuously

28
Q

how is the lagging strand (away from the fork) replicated

A

discontinuously

29
Q

explain the meselson and stahl experiment

A

grew ecoli in heavy nitrogen
all DNA was heavy nitrogen
moved ecoli to light nitrogen so any new DNA would be light nitrogen
after 1 generation bacteria and DNA was removed
do another cycle and repeat
the samples were spun in a centrifuge so that heavy nitrogen would fall to the bottom

30
Q

what were the results of meselson and stahls investigation

A

after first spin - 50 % heavy 50% light nitrogen
after second spin - some heavy but most light

31
Q

how did meselson and stahls investigation support semi conservative replication

A

because after more spins occured the amount of light DNA increased proportionally

32
Q

what is the word equation for the conversion of ATP to ADP

A

atp - > adp + pi + energy

(hydrolised)

33
Q

what is the word equation for the conversion of adp to atp

A

adp +pi -> atp

(phosphorylation)

34
Q

what two organelles is atp synthesised in

A

mitrochondria
chloroplast

35
Q

why is atp and immediate energy source

A

it is a universal currency
it is released instantly in small amounts

36
Q

5 main biological functions of atp

A

1 lower activation energy of molecules because of the inorganic phosphate released during hydroylsis making other compounds reactive
2 metabolic processes
3 changes the shape of carrier proteins in the membrane making active transport possible
4 filaments of muscles slide past each other and shorten the muscle fibre
5 formation of lysomes

37
Q

why is glucose not a good immediate source of energy

A

it takes a while to release energy and there is a lot of waste

38
Q

hydrogen ions info

A

comes from acids breaking down
high h + conc = low pH
could denature enzymes

39
Q

magnesium ions info

A

creates chlorophyll

40
Q

calcium ion info

A

nerve communication
releasing nurotransmitter s
muscle contraction

41
Q

phosphate ion info

A

cell membrane
phospholipids
atp

42
Q

what does adhesion mean

A

water making hydrogen bonds with other structures

43
Q

what does cohesion mean

A

water making hydrogen bonds with water

44
Q

how do water molecules have hydrogen bonds

A

the molecules are attracted to the sligh opposite charge in the other molecules
but this means bonds are broken easily

45
Q

why is waters high spesific heat capasity important

A

acts as a buffer to sudden changes in temp so stops enzymes denaturing, keeps conditions for fish stable

46
Q

why is water acting as a solvent good

A

it dissolves things so they can be transported

47
Q

why is water being transparent good

A

sea weed and photosynthesise

48
Q

why is the density of ice good

A

it is denser than water so acts as an insulator

49
Q

why is high specific latent heat of water good

A

it takes a lot of enegry to change state so helps with cooling down our bodies

50
Q

why are hydrogen bonds in water good

A

it creates surface tension and allows transport in the xylem

51
Q

where are inorganic ions found in the body

A

cytoplasm

52
Q

what is the function of iron in the body

A

production of hemoglobin in the red blood cells

53
Q

what is the function of sodium in the body

A

co transport of glucose and amino acids across the cell membrane
muscle contractions
nerve impulses

54
Q

Describe dna replication

A

1 dna helicase breaks hydrogen bonds
2 exposed base pairs attract new complementary bases and they try and make temporary hydrogen bonds
3 dna polymerase makes new strand
4 new phosphdiester bonds are formed
5 eventually dna separates into two strands of dna

biology (18 decks)

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