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Mass Transport Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the adaptations of a red blood cell

A

No nucleus so more room for haemoglobin
Bi concave shape
Pits the capillary perfectly so there is a short diffusion pathway

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2
Q

Protein structure of haemoglobin (primary - quaternary)

A

Primary - two alpha and two beta polypeptide chains
Secondary - each polypeptide chain folds into a helix
Tertiary - polypeptide chain is folded into a precise shape
Quaternary- all 4 polypeptides are linked to make a spherical shape each associated with a haem group with iron

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3
Q

How many oxygen molecules can each human haemoglobin molecule Carry

A

4

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4
Q

How many oxygen atoms can two haemoglobin molecule carry and why

A

16 because there would be 8 oxygen molecules with two atoms each

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5
Q

Describe the role of oxygen affinity in haemoglobin

A

Affinity must be high where oxygen loads (lungs )
But it decreases at the respiring tissue so that oxygen can unload

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6
Q

What factors effect the type of haemoglobin present in an organism

A

Amino acid sequence
Shape of molecule

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7
Q

Why is only one of the 4 oxygen molecules released when the body is at rest

A

So that more oxygen can be delivered to tissue when they become more active

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8
Q

What is a erythrocyte

A

Red blood cell

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9
Q

What is partial pressure

A

In a mixture of gasses the pressure of one gas if it alone filled the container

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10
Q

What does cooperativity mean in terms of loading oxygen

A

When one oxygen binds the structure of the haemoglobin changes shape slightly making it easier for future oxygen molecules to bind

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11
Q

Explain the shape of the oxygen dissociation curve

A

At the beginning oxygen struggles to bind with the haemoglobin once one sxygen has bound to the haem group the gradient of the line increases because the quaternary structure of the haemoglobin moves slightly. This is cooperative and allows three other oxygens to load easily

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12
Q

Describe how partial pressure affects oxygen association

A

Haemoglobin slightly saturated with oxygen at higher partial pressure
Drop in partial pressure leads to rapid decrease in % saturation of haemoglobin
This favours loading oxygen in the lungs and unloading in the tissue

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13
Q

Describe the Bohr shift

A

In Actively respiring tissue carbon dioxide concentration increases which dissolves in the blood plasma. This forms carbonic acid so there is an increase in H+ ions causing a decrease in blood pH
More oxygen is more easily unloaded because of the lower affinity of oxygen due to the pH reduction. This means more oxygen is available for respiration at the same partial pressure

The Bohr effect is reversed in the alveoli because carbon dioxide conc is low , so loading of oxygen is easier because higher affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen bought about by pH increase

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14
Q

What is the oxygen dissociation curve for lug worms and llama ( and which way does it move)

A

Moves to the far left

They have a higher affinity for oxygen because they live in low partial pressure areas

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15
Q

What does the foetal oxgyen dissociation curve look like (and where does it move )

A

Moves slightly left
It has a higher affinity for oxygen because partial pressure at placenta can associate more oxygen from the mother

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16
Q

What does the oxygen dissociation curve look like for small mammals as birds (and where does it move)

A

Moves to the right

They are highly metabolically active so are adapted to release oxygen more readily
Lower affinity for oxygen

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17
Q

How do simple animals transport things and why

A

Diffusion because of their small surface area to volume ratio

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18
Q

How do larger animals transport stuff and why

A

Transport systems
Because they have a smaller surface area to volume ratio and diffusion would be to slow

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19
Q

What determines if a transport system needs a pump

A

The surface area to volume ratio
How active it is
Distance to the centre

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20
Q

Why is it important Mammels have a double closed circulatory system

A

Because when blood passes the lungs its pressure decreases and if it then went straight to the body it wouldn’t have enough pressure to get all the way round so it must return to the heart to increase the pressure

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21
Q

Why does the aorta have the highest pressure

A

It is coming from the left ventricle which is muscular as it contracts

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22
Q

Why does the vena cava have the lowest pressure

A

It is returning to the right atrium and has travelled the furthest around the body

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23
Q

How to describe data

A

Double data quote ( x and y ) and units
Then quantify with trends

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24
Q

Describe how blood flows through the heart

A

The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood in the vena cava from the body and the right ventricle pumps through the pulmonary artery to the lungs
The left atrium receives oxygenated blood through the pulmonary vein and and the left ventricle pumps it to the body through the aorta

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25
Q

What are the functions of the valves in the heart

A

Atrioventricular valves are attached to the ventricles by pupillary muscles which prevent the valves from inverting under high pressure

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26
Q

Describe diastole

A

Heart muscle is relaxed
Atria and ventricles fill with blood
Semi lunar valves close
Pressure in atrium exceeds ventricle so atrioventricular valves open

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27
Q

Describe atrial systole

A

Walls of atria contract and blood is forced into the ventricle
Ventricle walls are relaxed

28
Q

Describe ventricular systole

A

After a short delay the ventricules fill with blood and walls contract
Atrioventricular valves shut
Pressure in ventricle exceed that of blood vessels so blood forces through the semilunar valves
Pressure in blood vessels increase so semilunar valves shut

29
Q

What is cardiac output

A

Volume of blood pumped by both ventricles in one minute

30
Q

What is the function of the artery

A

Carries blood away from the heart and into smaller blood vessels

31
Q

What is the function of the atrioles

A

Smaller than an artery and controls blood flow into the capillary

32
Q

What is the function of a capillary

A

Tiny blood vessels that link the atrioles to the vein

33
Q

What is the function of a vein

A

Carries blood from the capillaries back to the heart

34
Q

Describe the structure of the artery from inside out

A

Lumen
Tunica media - contains smooth muscle and elastic tissue - does vasoconstriction and vasoconstriction
Tunica externa - contains collagen to protect from internal pressure

35
Q

Describe the structure of the vein from inside out

A

Lumen
Tunica media - contains smooth muscle and elastic tissue - does vasoconstriction and vasoconstriction
Tunica externa - contains collagen to protect from external
pressure
Semi lunar valves

36
Q

Describe the structure of a capillary

A

Lumen
Endothelium
Fenstrations - gaps which allow substances out

37
Q

What is good about the thick muscle in the arteries

A

Constriction and dilation controls volume of blood

38
Q

What is good about thick elastic layer in arteries

A

Maintain blood pressure

39
Q

What is good about the thick wall in the artery

A

Prevents it bursting under pressure

40
Q

What is good about semi lunar valves

A

Prevents back flow

41
Q

What is good about thick muscle in atrioles

A

Contracts to restricts blood flow into capillaries

42
Q

Why do atrioles have thinner elastic

A

Blood is at a lower pressure

43
Q

Why is it good capillaries are only one cell thick

A

Short diffusion distance

44
Q

Why is it good that there are so many capillaries

A

Large surface area for exchange

45
Q

Why is it good capillaries have a small lumen

A

The blood cells are pushed flat to decrease diffusion distance

46
Q

Why are there spaces between the capillaries endothelial cells

A

So white blood cells can escape into infected tissue

47
Q

What is tissue fluid

A

Yellowish liquid made from blood plasma and acts as a transport medium

48
Q

What is the difference between plasma and tissue fluid

A

Plasma is found in blood
Tissue fluid is found around tissues
Plasma has proteins tissue fluid does not

49
Q

What is the difference between lymph and tissue fluid

A

Lymph doesn’t have glucose , co2 , amino acids or minerals

50
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure

A

Pressure that builds up forcing water out of the blood plasma

51
Q

Describe how tissue fluid is formed

A

The arterial end of the capillary has a higher concentration of amino acids , glucose , h2o , blood cells etc so has a high hydrostatic pressure
All of these things (plasma ) are forced out of the capillary to the lower hydrostatic pressure and becomes tissue fluid
The minerals are used in the tissue cells and the RER turns amino acids into large proteins
Then water , urea , minerals and co2 move by osmis back into the capillary
But the large proteins act as a solute increasing the water potential so not all water moves back into the capillary
The rest of the water and large proteins move into the lymph as lymph fluid

52
Q

How is lymph moved around the body

A

Contraction of body muscles

53
Q

Where are xylem found

A

On the inside of the vascular bundle in the plant stem

54
Q

Describe how water is taken up by the xylem

A

Water evaporates from the leaves
Water forms hydrogen bonds by cohesion
This forms a continuous column of water down the xylem
As the water evaporates molecules are drawn up the xylem
This places the xylem under negative pressure so their is tension

55
Q

Why does the diameter of the tree trunk decrease during the day

A

Transpiration is greatest at mid day so their is more tension in the xylem which pulls in the walls of the xylem

56
Q

Describe how water moves across cells in a leaf

A

Water is lost from the mesophyll by evaporation
It is replaced by water from the xylem
Some is lost from the mesophyll by evaporation from the sun meaning they have a lower water potential causing water to move by osmosis
Neighbouring cells then have a lower water potential so water moves there

57
Q

What does a potometer measure

A

Water uptake

58
Q

How does a potometer work

A

Cut the end of a shoot off under water and put it in a rubber tube connected to a capillary tube
Using the tap and a syringe trap one bubble in the tube and measure how far it travels in a certain period of time on a millimetre scale

59
Q

Describe the structure of the phloem

A

Sieve tube elements- not a proper cell , no nucleus or ribosomes and very little cytoplasm
They have sieve plates in which are pores to allow sap through

Companion cells - small cells in between sieve tubes with large nucleus, dense cytoplasm, lots of mitochondria , small vacuole
Cytoplasm is linked to sieve tube elements by plasmodesmata

60
Q

What is the source

A

Where sucrose is loaded

61
Q

What is the sink

A

Where sucrose is removed

62
Q

How is sucrose transported from the source to the sieve tube

A

ATP made in the mitochondria used to active transport H+ ions out creating a high concentration in the source
H+ ions then move via facilitated diffusion and co transport of sucrose into the source
Sucrose diffuses through plasmodesmata into sieve element

63
Q

Describe how organic matter moves through phloem by mass transport

A

Water moves into phloem from xylem by osmosis due to pits in xylem and high sucrose making low water potential but then creating high hydrostatic pressure
It then moves down to phloem to lower hydrostatic pressure at the sink
Sucrose is actively transported from the companion cell to the sink causing increase water potential and lower hydrostatic pressure so water moves back to the xylem

64
Q

Describe the ringing experiment

A

A ringing of bark containing the phloem is removed
The bark above swells and the liquid collected from the swelling was found to be containing sugars
Proving sugar goes down the phloem

65
Q

Describe the aphid experiment

A

Probis from aphid penetrates the phloem
Their head is cut off leaving the probis in the tree
Phloem continued to come out without the sucking motion proving the phloem is under pressure and mass flow is likely

biology (18 decks)

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