Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

biology > Mass Transport > Flashcards

Mass Transport Flashcards

1
Q

What are the adaptations of a red blood cell

A

No nucleus so more room for haemoglobin
Bi concave shape
Pits the capillary perfectly so there is a short diffusion pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Protein structure of haemoglobin (primary - quaternary)

A

Primary - two alpha and two beta polypeptide chains
Secondary - each polypeptide chain folds into a helix
Tertiary - polypeptide chain is folded into a precise shape
Quaternary- all 4 polypeptides are linked to make a spherical shape each associated with a haem group with iron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How many oxygen molecules can each human haemoglobin molecule Carry

A

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How many oxygen atoms can two haemoglobin molecule carry and why

A

16 because there would be 8 oxygen molecules with two atoms each

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the role of oxygen affinity in haemoglobin

A

Affinity must be high where oxygen loads (lungs )
But it decreases at the respiring tissue so that oxygen can unload

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What factors effect the type of haemoglobin present in an organism

A

Amino acid sequence
Shape of molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Why is only one of the 4 oxygen molecules released when the body is at rest

A

So that more oxygen can be delivered to tissue when they become more active

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a erythrocyte

A

Red blood cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is partial pressure

A

In a mixture of gasses the pressure of one gas if it alone filled the container

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does cooperativity mean in terms of loading oxygen

A

When one oxygen binds the structure of the haemoglobin changes shape slightly making it easier for future oxygen molecules to bind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Explain the shape of the oxygen dissociation curve

A

At the beginning oxygen struggles to bind with the haemoglobin once one sxygen has bound to the haem group the gradient of the line increases because the quaternary structure of the haemoglobin moves slightly. This is cooperative and allows three other oxygens to load easily

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe how partial pressure affects oxygen association

A

Haemoglobin slightly saturated with oxygen at higher partial pressure
Drop in partial pressure leads to rapid decrease in % saturation of haemoglobin
This favours loading oxygen in the lungs and unloading in the tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe the Bohr shift

A

In Actively respiring tissue carbon dioxide concentration increases which dissolves in the blood plasma. This forms carbonic acid so there is an increase in H+ ions causing a decrease in blood pH
More oxygen is more easily unloaded because of the lower affinity of oxygen due to the pH reduction. This means more oxygen is available for respiration at the same partial pressure

The Bohr effect is reversed in the alveoli because carbon dioxide conc is low , so loading of oxygen is easier because higher affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen bought about by pH increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the oxygen dissociation curve for lug worms and llama ( and which way does it move)

A

Moves to the far left

They have a higher affinity for oxygen because they live in low partial pressure areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does the foetal oxgyen dissociation curve look like (and where does it move )

A

Moves slightly left
It has a higher affinity for oxygen because partial pressure at placenta can associate more oxygen from the mother

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does the oxygen dissociation curve look like for small mammals as birds (and where does it move)

A

Moves to the right

They are highly metabolically active so are adapted to release oxygen more readily
Lower affinity for oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How do simple animals transport things and why

A

Diffusion because of their small surface area to volume ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How do larger animals transport stuff and why

A

Transport systems
Because they have a smaller surface area to volume ratio and diffusion would be to slow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What determines if a transport system needs a pump

A

The surface area to volume ratio
How active it is
Distance to the centre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Why is it important Mammels have a double closed circulatory system

A

Because when blood passes the lungs its pressure decreases and if it then went straight to the body it wouldn’t have enough pressure to get all the way round so it must return to the heart to increase the pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why does the aorta have the highest pressure

A

It is coming from the left ventricle which is muscular as it contracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Why does the vena cava have the lowest pressure

A

It is returning to the right atrium and has travelled the furthest around the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How to describe data

A

Double data quote ( x and y ) and units
Then quantify with trends

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Describe how blood flows through the heart

A

The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood in the vena cava from the body and the right ventricle pumps through the pulmonary artery to the lungs
The left atrium receives oxygenated blood through the pulmonary vein and and the left ventricle pumps it to the body through the aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the functions of the valves in the heart
Atrioventricular valves are attached to the ventricles by pupillary muscles which prevent the valves from inverting under high pressure
26
Describe diastole
Heart muscle is relaxed Atria and ventricles fill with blood Semi lunar valves close Pressure in atrium exceeds ventricle so atrioventricular valves open
27
Describe atrial systole
Walls of atria contract and blood is forced into the ventricle Ventricle walls are relaxed
28
Describe ventricular systole
After a short delay the ventricules fill with blood and walls contract Atrioventricular valves shut Pressure in ventricle exceed that of blood vessels so blood forces through the semilunar valves Pressure in blood vessels increase so semilunar valves shut
29
What is cardiac output
Volume of blood pumped by both ventricles in one minute
30
What is the function of the artery
Carries blood away from the heart and into smaller blood vessels
31
What is the function of the atrioles
Smaller than an artery and controls blood flow into the capillary
32
What is the function of a capillary
Tiny blood vessels that link the atrioles to the vein
33
What is the function of a vein
Carries blood from the capillaries back to the heart
34
Describe the structure of the artery from inside out
Lumen Tunica media - contains smooth muscle and elastic tissue - does vasoconstriction and vasoconstriction Tunica externa - contains collagen to protect from internal pressure
35
Describe the structure of the vein from inside out
Lumen Tunica media - contains smooth muscle and elastic tissue - does vasoconstriction and vasoconstriction Tunica externa - contains collagen to protect from external pressure Semi lunar valves
36
Describe the structure of a capillary
Lumen Endothelium Fenstrations - gaps which allow substances out
37
What is good about the thick muscle in the arteries
Constriction and dilation controls volume of blood
38
What is good about thick elastic layer in arteries
Maintain blood pressure
39
What is good about the thick wall in the artery
Prevents it bursting under pressure
40
What is good about semi lunar valves
Prevents back flow
41
What is good about thick muscle in atrioles
Contracts to restricts blood flow into capillaries
42
Why do atrioles have thinner elastic
Blood is at a lower pressure
43
Why is it good capillaries are only one cell thick
Short diffusion distance
44
Why is it good that there are so many capillaries
Large surface area for exchange
45
Why is it good capillaries have a small lumen
The blood cells are pushed flat to decrease diffusion distance
46
Why are there spaces between the capillaries endothelial cells
So white blood cells can escape into infected tissue
47
What is tissue fluid
Yellowish liquid made from blood plasma and acts as a transport medium
48
What is the difference between plasma and tissue fluid
Plasma is found in blood Tissue fluid is found around tissues Plasma has proteins tissue fluid does not
49
What is the difference between lymph and tissue fluid
Lymph doesn’t have glucose , co2 , amino acids or minerals
50
What is hydrostatic pressure
Pressure that builds up forcing water out of the blood plasma
51
Describe how tissue fluid is formed
The arterial end of the capillary has a higher concentration of amino acids , glucose , h2o , blood cells etc so has a high hydrostatic pressure All of these things (plasma ) are forced out of the capillary to the lower hydrostatic pressure and becomes tissue fluid The minerals are used in the tissue cells and the RER turns amino acids into large proteins Then water , urea , minerals and co2 move by osmis back into the capillary But the large proteins act as a solute increasing the water potential so not all water moves back into the capillary The rest of the water and large proteins move into the lymph as lymph fluid
52
How is lymph moved around the body
Contraction of body muscles
53
Where are xylem found
On the inside of the vascular bundle in the plant stem
54
Describe how water is taken up by the xylem
Water evaporates from the leaves Water forms hydrogen bonds by cohesion This forms a continuous column of water down the xylem As the water evaporates molecules are drawn up the xylem This places the xylem under negative pressure so their is tension
55
Why does the diameter of the tree trunk decrease during the day
Transpiration is greatest at mid day so their is more tension in the xylem which pulls in the walls of the xylem
56
Describe how water moves across cells in a leaf
Water is lost from the mesophyll by evaporation It is replaced by water from the xylem Some is lost from the mesophyll by evaporation from the sun meaning they have a lower water potential causing water to move by osmosis Neighbouring cells then have a lower water potential so water moves there
57
What does a potometer measure
Water uptake
58
How does a potometer work
Cut the end of a shoot off under water and put it in a rubber tube connected to a capillary tube Using the tap and a syringe trap one bubble in the tube and measure how far it travels in a certain period of time on a millimetre scale
59
Describe the structure of the phloem
Sieve tube elements- not a proper cell , no nucleus or ribosomes and very little cytoplasm They have sieve plates in which are pores to allow sap through Companion cells - small cells in between sieve tubes with large nucleus, dense cytoplasm, lots of mitochondria , small vacuole Cytoplasm is linked to sieve tube elements by plasmodesmata
60
What is the source
Where sucrose is loaded
61
What is the sink
Where sucrose is removed
62
How is sucrose transported from the source to the sieve tube
ATP made in the mitochondria used to active transport H+ ions out creating a high concentration in the source H+ ions then move via facilitated diffusion and co transport of sucrose into the source Sucrose diffuses through plasmodesmata into sieve element
63
Describe how organic matter moves through phloem by mass transport
Water moves into phloem from xylem by osmosis due to pits in xylem and high sucrose making low water potential but then creating high hydrostatic pressure It then moves down to phloem to lower hydrostatic pressure at the sink Sucrose is actively transported from the companion cell to the sink causing increase water potential and lower hydrostatic pressure so water moves back to the xylem
64
Describe the ringing experiment
A ringing of bark containing the phloem is removed The bark above swells and the liquid collected from the swelling was found to be containing sugars Proving sugar goes down the phloem
65
Describe the aphid experiment
Probis from aphid penetrates the phloem Their head is cut off leaving the probis in the tree Phloem continued to come out without the sucking motion proving the phloem is under pressure and mass flow is likely

biology (29 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions