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biology > DNA genes and chromosomes > Flashcards

DNA genes and chromosomes Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the difference between a chromosome and chromatid

A

chromatids are half of a chromosome
they contain the same genetic material

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2
Q

what is a homologous chromosome

A

chromosome pairs with the same centromere position one from mother and one from father
but they are genetically different

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3
Q

describe how DNA is wound into a chromosome

A

DNA double helix is wound around a histone and the complex then coils.
this coil is further coiled and packaged into a chromosome.

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4
Q

what is the haploid number

A

23

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5
Q

what is the diploid number

A

46

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6
Q

what is an allele

A

version of a gene

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7
Q

what is a phenotype

A

physical expression of a gene

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8
Q

what is a genotype

A

genes you contain

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9
Q

why do we have a triplet code

A

so that we have enough combinations to code for each amino acid

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10
Q

what is a locus

A

the place a particular section of DNA is located

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11
Q

what does the base sequence of each gene contain

A

amino acid sequence in a polypeptide
functional RNA , ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA

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12
Q

what is an intron

A

non coding DNA

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13
Q

what is an exon

A

coding DNA

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14
Q

what are the bonds between base pairs

A

hydrogen

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15
Q

what are the bonds between base pairs and backbone

A

phosphodiester

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16
Q

what are the bonds between amino acids

A

peptide bonds

17
Q

where are triplet codes found

A

DNA

18
Q

where are codons found

A

MRNA

19
Q

where are anticodons found

A

TRNA / proteins

20
Q

what does degenerate mean

A

amino acids have more than one triplet code

21
Q

what does universal mean

A

the same triplet of DNA bases are for the same amino acids in all organisums

22
Q

what does non overlapping mean

A

each DNA base in each triplet is only read once

23
Q

what do genes code for

A

ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA

24
Q

are introns and exons found in prokaryotic cells

A

only exons

25
Q

what is transcription

A

production of MRNA using a DNA template. A gene is transcribed into an MRNA molecule

26
Q

what is translation

A

the production of polypeptides using the sequence of codons carried by MRNA
occurs in a ribosome

27
Q

describe transcription

A

DNA helicase unwinds sections of DNA ro expose the bases by breaking hydrogen bonds
RNA polymerase attaches to the exposed polynucleotide and joins complementary RNA nucleotides together forming pre MRNA
Pre MRNA is is then spliced to form MRNA which diffuses out of the nucleus

28
Q

what is splicing

A

removing introns from pre MRNA allowing different proteins to be made

29
Q

similarities of transcription and DNA synthesis

A

DNA helicase is used
phosphodiester bonds are made
use complementary base pairs

30
Q

differences of transcription and DNA synthesis

A

RNA polymerase in transcription instead of DNA polymerase
Pre MRNA is formed in transcription whilst DNA synthesis produces two DNA molecules
splicing is required in transcription but not in DNA synthesis
DNA synthesis does the whole chromosome
transcription is just one gene

31
Q

what does TRNA do

A

it had an amino acid attachment site and an anticodon loop consisting of 3 unpaired bases making TRNA specific to each amino acid

32
Q

why do amino acids need ATP in TRNA

A

so that it is activated to be picked up by TRNA

33
Q

describe translation

A

MRNA associates with ribosomes in the cytoplasm
the first two codons are on the ribosome and attract their complementary TRNA
anticodons of the TRNA join via complementary base pairing forming hydrogen bonds
with MRNA codons
peptide bonds are formed
ribosome moves onto the next codon
the first TRNA leaves the ribosome and a new one enters
another peptide bond is formed between the second amino acid and the new one
this continues until the ribosome reaches a stop codon

34
Q

what does transferase do

A

creates peptide bonds between amino acids and breaks bonds from TRNA

35
Q

what does a stop codon do

A

codes for a release factor not an amino acid

biology (18 decks)

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