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Foundations of Biology II > Speciation > Flashcards

Speciation Flashcards

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1
Q

speciation preserves

A

differences because specialized populations no longer interbreed

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2
Q

environment determines local conditions which influences

A

adaptive evolution and degree of isolation

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3
Q

environment cahnges over space and time so that

A

populations may experience different selection pressures (which change) and population isolation (which may change)

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4
Q

population isolation leads to

A

population divergence

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5
Q

population divergence leads to

A

speciation

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6
Q

within a collection of populations each population is influenced by

A

local conditions

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7
Q

populations can diverge, but what overcomes small differences between populations

A

gene flow

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8
Q

what happens if populations become isolated

A

gene flow stops (genetic isolation), divergence of populations, and speciation - genetically independent

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9
Q

allopatric speciation

A

speciation that begins with geographic isolation

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10
Q

two types of allopatric speciation

A

dispersal or vicariance

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11
Q

dispersal

A

Founder effect - members of population colonize a new space, which may change allele frequencies and course of natural selection

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12
Q

vicariance

A

a physical barrier divides the original population into two separated populations

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13
Q

speciation of shrimp - Isthmus of Panama

A

Caribbean shrimp more closely related to sister species in Pacific than to other species in Caribbean due to common ancestor from population before the separation

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14
Q

sympatric speciation

A

speciation that occurs even though species live in same geographic region

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15
Q

two modes of sympatric speciation

A

disruptive selection and polyploidy

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16
Q

disruptive selection

A

leads to reproductive isolation, resulting in divergence and speciation

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17
Q

apple hawthorne fly case study

A

related, but have genetically based different scent receptors - hybrids aren’t attracted well to either fruit resulting in reduced fitness of hybrids

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18
Q

speciation can lead to

A

speciation

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19
Q

example of speciation leading to speciation

A

speciation of apple/hawthorne flies lead to speciation of parasitic wasps that feed on larvae

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20
Q

how do plants protect against herbivory by caterpillars

A

in response to leaf wounds and caterpillar regurgitate, signal pathway leads to release of chemical that recruits parasitic wasps

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21
Q

two main mecahnisms of reproductive isolation

A

prezygotic and postzygotic

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22
Q

pre-zygotic mechanisms fo reproductive isolation

A

temporal, habitat, behavioral, gametic barrier, mechanical barrier

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23
Q

temporal reproductive isolation

A

populations isolated because they breed at different times

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24
Q

habitat reproductive isolation

A

populations isolated because they breed in different habitats

25
Q

behavioral reproductive isolation

A

populations do not interbreed because courtship displays differ

26
Q

gametic barrier reproductive isolation

A

matings fail because egg and sperm incompatible

27
Q

mechanical barrier reproductive isolation

A

matings fail because male and female reproductive structures incompatible

28
Q

post-zygotic reproductive isolation

A

hybrid viability and hybrid sterility

29
Q

hybrid viability

A

hybrid offspring do not develop normally and die as embryos

30
Q

hybrid sterility

A

hybrid offspring mature but are sterile as adults

31
Q

frog mating calls in allopatry

A

two species calls are closer in pitch and have a wider pitch range for each species

32
Q

frog mating calls in sympatry

A

two species calls are more distinct in pitch and have a smaller pitch range for each species

33
Q

frog mating call disctinctiveness in sympatry example of

A

behavioral isolation

34
Q

mimicry of plants orchids

A

reproductive isolation - only males of specific species of insect will pollinate the flower, prevents pollination by other species or orchids

35
Q

possible outcomes of bringing two isolated populations together

A

interbreeding, independence, hybrid zones, new species

36
Q

interbreeding when isolated populations come together

A

interbreeding allows sufficient gene flow to re-distribute genetic variability - become one population

37
Q

independence when isolated populations come together

A

if sufficient reproductive isolation has developed, populations continue to diverge into separate species

38
Q

hybrid zone

A

geographic area where two species interbreed and hybrid offspring are common

39
Q

over time hybrid zones can

A

shift or stabilize

40
Q

how can hybrid zones stabilize over time

A

hybrids half as fit as non-hybrids - hybrid zone narrows - hybrid zone still exists as pure species continue to move into space and interbreed to produce more hybrids

41
Q

how might hybrids develop a new species

A

hybrids may have adaptive trait

42
Q

allopolyploidy

A

two species hybridize and the hybrid offspring undergo genetic doubling (one species is n=3 one species is n=2 so that hybrid is n=5)

43
Q

allopolyploidy hybrids are sterile unless

A

chromosome doubling occurs (n=5 fails during meiosis, doubling has 2n=10 so meiosis can happen)

44
Q

autoployploidy

A

one species has genetic doubling that results in new species

45
Q

autopolyploidy occurs when nondisjunction results in

A

diploid egg and diploid sperm that self fertilize to produce tetraploid offspring that is new species

46
Q

biological species concept

A

species is members of populations that actually or potentially interbreed in nature

47
Q

pros of biological species concept

A

works with sexually reproducing organisms

48
Q

cons of biological species concept

A

doesnt apply to asexual reproduction or fossils; grey area with “potentially” interbreeding

49
Q

morphological species concept

A

species are defined by size, shape, or other morphological features

50
Q

pros of morphological species concept

A

works with fossil and living species

51
Q

cons of morphological species concept

A

misidentifies polymorphs as diff. species; identitifes cryptic species as same species; morphology is subjective

52
Q

phylogenetic species concept

A

species defined by evolutionary history

53
Q

pros of phylogenetic species concept

A

widely applicable

54
Q

cons of phylogenetic species concept

A

not many well-estimated phylogenies are available

55
Q

diet speciation

A

populations with more specialized diets are more likely to diverge than populations with general diet (diet specilization leads to isolation)

56
Q

pollination affects speciation rates

A

speciation rates faster in animal pollinated cs. wind pollinated

57
Q

speciation rates correllated with pollinator _____

A

specialization

58
Q

dispersal affects speciation rates

A

decreased dispersal leads to isolation leads to increased speciation

59
Q

sexual selection affects speciation rates

A

organisms with increased sexual dimorphism have higher rates of speciation

Foundations of Biology II (17 decks)

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