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Foundations of Biology II > Ecology: Intro > Flashcards

Ecology: Intro Flashcards

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1
Q

ecological processes

A

explain why and how some variants survive and reproduce better than other

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2
Q

ecological processes determined by

A

way organism interacts with its environment, its own species, other species

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3
Q

ecology

A

study of how organisms interact with each other and the environment

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4
Q

ecology allows us to understand

A

distribution and abundance of organisms

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5
Q

organismal ecology

A

explore adaptations that allow individuals to live in a particular area.

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6
Q

population ecology

A

study changes in number of individuals in a population

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7
Q

community ecology

A

study interactions between species

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8
Q

community

A

all of the species living in the same area

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9
Q

ecosystem ecology

A

study how nutrients and energy move

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10
Q

climate

A

prevailing long-term weather conditions found in an area

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11
Q

weather

A

short-term atmospheric conditions of temperature, precipitation, sunlight, wind

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12
Q

global climate patterns driven by

A

energy from the sun

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13
Q

energy from the sun influences

A

air circulation and precipitation

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14
Q

hadley cells

A

air rises at equator; drops moisture as moves pole-ward making 30 N and S dry

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15
Q

seasonality influences

A

climate patterns

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16
Q

solstice

A

longest and shortest days of the year when axis is pointing towards or away from sun

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17
Q

equinoxes

A

equal amount of daylight and darkness when axis is not pointing away or towards sun

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18
Q

rain shadow

A

dry region on side of a mountain range away from the prevailing winds

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19
Q

why do oceans have moderating influence on climate

A

water has high specific heat

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20
Q

terrestrial biomes characterized by

A

distinct abiotic conditions and dominant types of vegetation

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21
Q

the nature of the terrestrial biome that develops is driven by

A

average annual temp/precip and annual variation in temp/precip

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22
Q

net primary productivity

A

total amount of carbon fixed per year - amount lost through cell resipration

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23
Q

net primary productivity is maximized in

A

warm, wet conditions

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24
Q

differences in temp/precip and differences in soil type and elevation can affect

A

vegetation patterns

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25
Q

the dominant vegetation type influences

A

animal community

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26
Q

distribution of organisms influences by

A

abiotic factors, biotic factors, historical constraints

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27
Q

abiotic factors

A

non-living components - climate, air, soil, water

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28
Q

biotic factors

A

living components - animals plants

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29
Q

historical constraints

A

geological events/features (glacier, volcano, mountain, rivers)

30
Q

biogeography

A

study of how organisms are distributed geographically

31
Q

humans role in distribution of organisms

A

introduce species to new area

32
Q

exotic species

A

species that is not native to an area but is introduced there by humans

33
Q

abiotic factors affect what in addition to distribution

A

timing of events

34
Q

phenology

A

timing of life cycle events during the year (migration, hibernation, emergence, flowering, dropping leaves)

35
Q

aquatic biomes characterized by

A

salinity, water depth, water flow, nutrient availability

36
Q

intertidal zone

A

exposed air at low tide, submerged at high tide

37
Q

neritic zone

A

shallow part of ocean before continental shelf

38
Q

benthic zone

A

lowest level of ocean that includes sediment layer

39
Q

nutrients brought to surface through

A

upwelling

40
Q

what happens when marine organisms die

A

their nutrients float to the benthic zone

41
Q

how does upwelling work

A

cool/nutrient-rich rises which restores nutrents to the surfca

42
Q

areas of frequent upwelling are addociative with

A

most productive fisbheries

43
Q

lakes

A

freshwater biomes characterized by low flow and range of sizes

44
Q

littoral zone

A

shallow waters along the chore

45
Q

limnetic zones

A

offshore water column

46
Q

benthic zone

A

lowest level of lake that includes sediment layer

47
Q

nutrients brough to surface of lake by

A

turnover

48
Q

turnover

A

during winter surface becomes oygenated, bottom becomes nutrient rich; spring - surface water warms and sinks, oxygeneated water rises

49
Q

without turnover

A

majority of nutrients in lake would remain at bottom and lakes would support less life

50
Q

tropical rain forest found in what regions

A

equatorial regions

51
Q

tropical rain forest productivity is

A

high - favorable conditions for growth year round

52
Q

temp tropical rain forest

A

very low variation with average annual of 25 Celsius (high)

53
Q

precip tropical rain forest

A

very high annual total with high variation (high in feb-march, low in oct-nov)

54
Q

desert found

A

30 degrees north and south (due to hadley cells)

55
Q

desert productivity is

A

low - plants grow slowly year round or rapidly in response to any rainfall

56
Q

temp desert

A

high average (above 30) with moderate variation (some drop below freezing)

57
Q

precip desert

A

very low annual total with very low variation

58
Q

temperate grasslands have dominantely grass because

A

conditions too dry for tree growth or trees burned out by prairie fires

59
Q

grasslands temp

A

in temperate zone; moderate variation from below freezing to 30 Celsius with moderate high average

60
Q

grasslands precip

A

moderate annual total with moderate variation (wet may-july and dry dec-feb)

61
Q

temperate forests productivity

A

lower than rain forests but higher than desert and grassland

62
Q

temperate forest temp

A

moderate average with moderate variation

63
Q

temperate forest precip

A

low variation with moderate annual total

64
Q

boreal forest (taiga) productivity

A

low and low diversity

65
Q

boreal forest temp

A

low average with high variation (-30 to 10 celsius)

66
Q

boreal forest precip

A

low annual total with low variation

67
Q

why are there trees in the boreal forest if precip is low

A

cold temperatures prevent evaporation

68
Q

arctic tundra productivity

A

low with low productiovity and low above ground biomass

69
Q

permafrost

A

perennially frozen tundra soils - limits uptake and release of nutrients

70
Q

tundra temp

A

very low average with high variation (-30 to 5 celsius)

71
Q

tundra precip

A

very low annual total with low variation

Foundations of Biology II (17 decks)

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