Evolution

Question 1

population

Answer 1

individuals of the same species that are living in the same area at the same time

Question 2

individuals do not

Answer 2

evolve

Question 3

evolutionary processes act on

Answer 3

populations

Question 4

darwin noticed that species in temperate south america more similar to

Answer 4

species in tropical south america than species in temperate europe

Question 5

darwin noticed species on Galapagos were

Answer 5

endemic, specific to island, but similar to mainland animals

Question 6

darwin noticwed flora and fauna

Answer 6

varies island to island

Question 7

darwins hypothesis after the Beagle voyage

Answer 7

animals on islands originate from mainland and underwent change

Question 8

lamarck

Answer 8

though species change was always progressive and inheritance of acquired characteristics

Question 9

darwin and lamarck

Answer 9

darwin agreed that species aren’t static, but disagreed on mechanism of change

Question 10

lyell

Answer 10

uniformitarianism - earth shaped by slow processes that still happen, so study processes to understand the past

Question 11

darwin and lyell

Answer 11

can slow processes also impact the natural world

Question 12

cuvier

Answer 12

catastrophism - earth shaped by rapid, violent events that cause mass exntinctions (didnt believe in evolution tho)

Question 13

darwin and cuvier

Answer 13

agreed with cyclic extinctions, lead him to believe that different species lived at different times

Question 14

malthus

Answer 14

populations grew at faster rate than food supply so there will always be struggle to exist

Question 15

malthus and darwin

Answer 15

resources finite, organisms struggle to exist

Question 16

what pushed darwin to publish On the Origin of Species in 1859

Answer 16

received a letter from Wallace, who developed theory of natural selection on his own

Question 17

theory of evolution has two components

Answer 17

patterns and processes

Question 18

patterns

Answer 18

descent with modification

Question 19

descent with modification based on observations of

Answer 19

change over time and species alive today descended from species in past

Question 20

process

Answer 20

mechanisms that cause the patterns

Question 21

process that was apparent during Darwin’s time

Answer 21

natural selection

Question 22

natural selection

Answer 22

increased survival/reproduction of some individuals because of certain traits in a certain environment

Question 23

processes that came after Darwin’s time

Answer 23

genetic drift, gene flow, mutation

Question 24

4 points evidence of species change over time

Answer 24

earth is 4.6 billion years old, 99% of species that ever lived have gone extinct, living species resemble fossil species in same region, vestigial traits

Question 25

radiometric dating

Answer 25

used to find age of rock layers

Question 26

first signs of life occur

Answer 26

3.7-4.3 billion years old, microfossils

Question 27

darwinian trickle

Answer 27

low constant level of extinction

Question 28

transitional form/features

Answer 28

show change and species development over time

Question 29

vestigial traits

Answer 29

reduced or incompletely developed traits found in living organisms, that have no/reduced function but are similar to functional traits in other species

Question 30

2 points evidence of descent from common ancestor

Answer 30

closely related species live in same geographical area, homologous traits

Question 31

example of closely related species in same geographical area

Answer 31

Galapagos mockingbirds are unique to each island but similar to each other - all descended from mainland bird

Question 32

homologous trait

Answer 32

similar in DNA, RNA, or amino acid sequence

Question 33

example of homologous trait

Answer 33

Pax6 gene in mouse - for eye development locator - has different DNA homolgy with similar genes in other species, but 100% protein homology

Question 34

developmental homology

Answer 34

similarity during development, such as gill pouch

Question 35

structural homology

Answer 35

similarity in structure, such as 1-2-many bone organization in limbs

Question 36

artificial selection

Answer 36

breeders can select for specific traits

Question 37

darwins first posulate for natural selection

Answer 37

individuals in population do not look alike (variation exists)

Question 38

darwins second postulate

Answer 38

some of the trait differences are heritable

Question 39

darwins third postulate

Answer 39

resources are finite - struggle for existence

Question 40

darwins fourth postulate

Answer 40

some variants will survive and reproduce better than others

Question 41

fitness

Answer 41

ability to survive and produce viable offspring relative to others in the population

Question 42

measure fitness by

Answer 42

counting and comparing number of surviving offspring

Question 43

adaptation

Answer 43

heritable trait that increases fitness

Question 44

neo darwinism

Answer 44

fusion of work by darwin, mendel, population genetics, paleontology, geology, cytology

Question 45

mutations lead to

Answer 45

variants

Question 46

evolution

Answer 46

change in frequency of variants in a population due to natural selection, mutation, gene flow, genetic drift

Question 47

natural selection cannot happen continuously because it would

Answer 47

eliminate variation

Question 48

acclimatization

Answer 48

change in phenotype of an individual that occurs in response to environment (acclimatization does not equal adaptation)

Question 49

why doesn’t evolution perfect traits

Answer 49

some traits subject to genetic/historic constaints such as beaks for large seeds

Question 50

pleiotropy

Answer 50

single allele affects multiple traits