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Foundations of Biology II > Development > Flashcards

Development Flashcards

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1
Q

development

A

process where an organism undergoes successive changes from a single cell to a mature adult - begins with fertilization

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2
Q

4 stages of development

A

determination, differentiation, morphogenesis, growth

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3
Q

determination

A

what type of cell it will become; occurs before distinctive features show

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4
Q

differentiation

A

processes that give rise to different cell types

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5
Q

morphogenesis

A

when differentiated cell types get recognized in the multicellular body of the organism

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6
Q

growth

A

increase in size by cell division or enlargment

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7
Q

most important point of gene regulation during development

A

transcriptional regulation

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8
Q

different cell types express different

A

regulatory transcription factors

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9
Q

what causes initial differences in gene expression

A

location of cell within the organism

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10
Q

stem cell becomes specific cell type when

A

determination and differentiation have occurred due to activation of different transcription factors

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11
Q

transcription factors in a stem cell determined by

A

external chemical signals (environment or other cells) and differential gene expression already occurring in the cell

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12
Q

what experiment shows that cell fate is determined early in development

A

tissue transplantation in early embryo results in normal development, but in late embryo the tissue develops as if it were in its original location

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13
Q

cell potency

A

the potential/capacity to differentiate

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14
Q

totipotent

A

cell can become any cell type including more stem cells (early embryo)

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15
Q

pluripotent

A

cells can develop into most types but can’t become a new embryo

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16
Q

multipotent

A

can differentiate into limited but related cell types (different connective tissues)

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17
Q

unipotent

A

can only produce own cell type - most cells in mature organism

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18
Q

whats special about plant cell differentiation

A

most plant cells can dedifferentiate under certain environmental conditions (can easily be cloned)

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19
Q

what do animal cells require for cloning

A

cytoplasmic environment of totipotent cell (can fuse extracted nucleus into cytoplasm)

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20
Q

gastrulation in animals

A

cells move and organize into 3 layers

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21
Q

gastrulation in plants

A

differential cell expansion

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22
Q

apoptosis

A

regulated cell death which can lead to developmental abnormalities if disrupted

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23
Q

what do plants have instead of apoptosis

A

autophagy

24
Q

differentiation in drosophila begins when

A

signals tell cells position in time and space (ant/post, dorsal/ventral, right/left planes)

25
Q

drosophila body plan

A

head, 3 thoracic segments, 8 abdominal segments

26
Q

drosophila embryo until the 13th cell division

A

multinucleated, no cytokineses occurs - molecules can diffuse freely to establish segmentation and developmental axes

27
Q

morphogen

A

molecule that exists in a concentration gradient and gives positional info about development

28
Q

bicoid

A

protein that leads to development of anterior structures

29
Q

bicoid mRNA gradient

A

anterior to posterior

30
Q

bicoid protein gradient

A

anterior to posterior

31
Q

bicoid transcribed

A

maternally in nurse cells and deposited into eggs before fertilization

32
Q

nanos

A

protein that leads to development of posterior structures

33
Q

nanos mRNA gradient

A

posterior to anterior

34
Q

nanos protein gradient

A

posterior to anterior

35
Q

nanos transcribed

A

maternally

36
Q

hunchback

A

required for anterior structure formation

37
Q

hunchback mRNA gradient

A

diffuse throughout embryo

38
Q

hunchback protein gradient

A

anterior to posterior, nanos inhibits translation of hunchback

39
Q

what method is used to locate mRNA

A

in situ hybridization

40
Q

what cellular structure aides in establishment of gradients

A

microtubules

41
Q

maternal effects genes

A

maternally transcribed genes that determine ant/post axis and induces 3 classes of segment genes

42
Q

gaps genes

A

maternal or embryo transcribed genes that define broad areas and regulate pair rule genes

43
Q

pair rule genes

A

embryonically transcribed genes that refine location of pairs of segments and regulates hox genes and segment polarity genes

44
Q

hox genes

A

define segment roles (which structure grows where)

45
Q

segment polarity genes

A

determine boundary and anterior/posterior orientation of each segment

46
Q

how does orientation of hox genes determine development

A

order of hox genes on chromosome is same order os position of expression in embryo

47
Q

homeotic mutations

A

structure formation in wrong segment

48
Q

what do homeotic mutations indicate

A

hox genes direct segment identity

49
Q

evo devo

A

studies how changes in expression of development genes can lead to phenotypic diversity and formation of new species

50
Q

tool kit genes

A

direct pattern formation (ie hox genes)

51
Q

genetic switches

A

regulate tool kit genes (DNA regulatory regions, transcription facotrs, signal tranduction molecules)

52
Q

modularity

A

independence of developmental processes (one thing can change independently of the whole organism)

53
Q

heterometry

A

changing amount of tool kit gene expression

54
Q

heterochrony

A

changing time of expression

55
Q

heterotopy

A

changing location of expression

56
Q

Sonic hedgehog and ZRS

A

ZRS is the enhancer (genetic switch) for morphogen Shh - limb development

Foundations of Biology II (17 decks)

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