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Foundations of Biology II > Development: Plant Development > Flashcards

Development: Plant Development Flashcards

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1
Q

plasmodesmata

A

plasma membrane linked cytoplasmic channels for communication/transport of materials between plant cells

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2
Q

how do plants create different tissue layers/structures

A

regulate direction/location of cell division

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3
Q

plane of cell division determined by

A

cell plate and orientation of microtubules

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4
Q

cell plate

A

membranous vesicles from the golgi line up

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5
Q

orientation of microtubules determiens

A

orientation of microfibrils

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6
Q

radial expansion

A

increase in thickness of branch

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7
Q

apical-basal expansion

A

increase in length

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8
Q

how do plants grow by cell expansion

A

transporters pump solute into central vacuole, water follows causing the vacuole to expand

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9
Q

on a molecular level, what allows for cell expansion

A

enzymes and expansion proteins make cell wall more flexible, then additional cell wall is synthesized

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10
Q

2n sporophyte undergoes what process to make what

A

meiosis, n spores

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11
Q

spores undergo what to make what

A

mitosis, n gametophytes

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12
Q

n gametophytes undergo what to make what

A

mitosis, n gametes

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13
Q

the gametes fertilize to make

A

2n zygote which develops into sporophyte via mitosis

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14
Q

old plants which form is dominant

A

gametophyte

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15
Q

new plants which form is dominant

A

sporophyte

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16
Q

angiosperms

A

gametophyte is microscopic, flowering plants, most prolific group of plants

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17
Q

sepal

A

protect flower during formation

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18
Q

petal

A

attract pollenators

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19
Q

stamen

A

male parts, anther and filament

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20
Q

anther

A

pollen production

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21
Q

filament

A

support anther

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22
Q

carpel

A

female parts, stigma style and ovary

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23
Q

stigma

A

where pollen lands and germination occurs

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24
Q

ovary

A

female gametophytes produced

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25
Q

heterosporous

A

plants that produce male and female spores and male and female gametophytes

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26
Q

perfect heterosporous

A

both spores produced in same flower

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27
Q

polygamous heterosporous

A

male/female flowers on same plant

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28
Q

dioecious heterosporous

A

male and female plants

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29
Q

ovule

A

produces one 2n megasporocyte

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30
Q

megasporocyte surrounded by

A

2n megasporangium

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31
Q

megasporocyte undergoes meiosis

A

produce 4 n megaspores

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32
Q

what happens to the 4 megaspores

A

3 degenerate, 1 undergoes mitosis 3 times to create an 8 nucleated embryosac

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33
Q

embryosac

A

central cell w 2 polar nuclei, egg cell at micropyle (base) with a synergid on each side, 3 antipodal cells at top

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34
Q

micropyle

A

how pollen tube enters the embryosac

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35
Q

how are male gametophytes produced

A

2n microsporocytes undergo meiosis to produce 4 n microspores, each of which undergoes mitosis to form a multicellular pollen grain

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36
Q

pollen grain contains

A

small generative cell which divides into 2 sperm and a tube cell which becomes the pollen tube

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37
Q

pollination

A

pollen grain lands on stigma - germinates, tube cell grows through style towards ovary

38
Q

what happens when the pollen tube fuses with the micropyle

A

one sperm fuses with the egg to form the zygote, one sperm fertilizes the polar nuclei to produce a 3n endosperm

39
Q

what method did researchers use to destroy specific cells in the embryosac

A

laser ablation

40
Q

what cells were found to be necessary for pollen tube attraction to egg

A

at least one synergid

41
Q

how do plants prevent polyspermy

A

as soon as fertilization occurs, synergids die

42
Q

for plants that need to out cross, what are two methods to prevent self fertilization

A

physical/temporal separation or genetic self-incompatability

43
Q

physical.temporal separation

A

in separate flowers, or one gametophyte may mature before the other

44
Q

genetic incompatability

A

S-locus - tightly linked genes that encode for proteins expressed in pollen grain and stigma; when matching alleles, pollen grain fails to germinate or pollen tube growth halted

45
Q

what does the ovule mature into

A

develops around embryo to form the seed

46
Q

what does the endosperm do

A

provide embryo with nutrients

47
Q

what does the ovary wall do

A

becomes the fruit

48
Q

plant embryogenesis begins when

A

zygote undergoes asymmetric cell division to form apical and basal cell

49
Q

apical cell

A

divides on two planes

50
Q

basal cell

A

divides on one plane

51
Q

globular stage of embryogenesis

A

radial axis forms

52
Q

suspensor

A

connects embryo to maternal tissue

53
Q

heart stage of embryogenesis

A

cotyledons (embryonic leaves) and meristem form

54
Q

shoot apical meristem SAM

A

stem cells to form aerial portions of plant

55
Q

root apical meristem RAM

A

stem cells to form below-ground portion of plant

56
Q

potency of meristem

A

totipotent, can divide continuously throughout the lifetime of the plant

57
Q

3 embryonic germ layers form during embryogenesis

A

epidermis, ground tissue, vascular tissue

58
Q

epidermis

A

outer layer for protection and environmental interaction

59
Q

ground tissue

A

middle layer for photosynthesis and storage

60
Q

vascular tissue

A

inner layer that forms xylem (water) and phloem (sugar) transport tissue

61
Q

what helps develop body axes in plants

A

morphogens

62
Q

auxin

A

establishes apical.basal axis

63
Q

high concentration of auxin

A

shoot development

64
Q

low concentration of auxin

A

root development

65
Q

auxin produced

A

shoot apical meristem, but can’t diffuse easily between cells

66
Q

how does auxin move between cells

A

influx/efflux carriers

67
Q

arabidopsis has 3 mutants

A

apical mutant, central mutant, basal mutant

68
Q

apical mutant

A

missing cotyledons

69
Q

central mutant

A

missing hypocotyl

70
Q

basal mutant

A

missing hypocotyl and root

71
Q

monopteros gene

A

encodes transcription factor that is activated in response to auxin - regulates genes required for auxin transport

72
Q

defective monopteros gene

A

doesn’t produce root/basal structures

73
Q

what process follows embryogenesis

A

vegetative development

74
Q

phenotypic plasticity

A

plants can modify forms throughout lives to respond to environment (ie root morphologies)

75
Q

differentiation in SAM and RAM stem cells respond to

A

environmental cues and location signals

76
Q

leaf shape determined by growth on 3 axes

A

proximal/distal, mediolateral, adaxial/abaxial (upper/lower)

77
Q

phantastica

A

transcription factor required for establishing adaxial/abaxial axis by activating transcription of genes for forming adaxial cells

78
Q

adaxial cells

A

smaller

79
Q

abaxial cells

A

larger

80
Q

phantastica mutant

A

needle like leaves, epidermis looks like abaxial only

81
Q

how can scientists alter leaf shape

A

use RNAi pathway to control reduction of PHAN expression

82
Q

flowering initiated when

A

vegetative meristem transitions to reproductive/floral meristem to produce floral structures

83
Q

4 whorls of flowers

A
  1. sepal 2. petal 3. stamen 4. carpel
84
Q

homeotic mutations in flowers

A

structures forming in wrong whorl

85
Q

3 gene model for arabidopsis flowers

A

ABC model - A and C can be expressed in all 4 whorls but inhibit each other, B is limited to whorls 2 and 3

86
Q

whorl 1 - A

A

sepal

87
Q

whorl 2 - AB

A

petal

88
Q

whorl 3 - BC

A

stamen

89
Q

whorl 4 - C

A

carpel

90
Q

what process confirmed the ABC model

A

in situ hybridization

91
Q

ABC genes encode

A

transcription factors that contain conserved DNA-bonding domain (Mads-box)

92
Q

Mads-box genes

A

determine structure of where they are expressed by regulating effector genes

Foundations of Biology II (17 decks)

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