Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Foundations of Biology II > Development: Plant Development > Flashcards

Development: Plant Development Flashcards

1
Q

plasmodesmata

A

plasma membrane linked cytoplasmic channels for communication/transport of materials between plant cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how do plants create different tissue layers/structures

A

regulate direction/location of cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

plane of cell division determined by

A

cell plate and orientation of microtubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

cell plate

A

membranous vesicles from the golgi line up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

orientation of microtubules determiens

A

orientation of microfibrils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

radial expansion

A

increase in thickness of branch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

apical-basal expansion

A

increase in length

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how do plants grow by cell expansion

A

transporters pump solute into central vacuole, water follows causing the vacuole to expand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

on a molecular level, what allows for cell expansion

A

enzymes and expansion proteins make cell wall more flexible, then additional cell wall is synthesized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

2n sporophyte undergoes what process to make what

A

meiosis, n spores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

spores undergo what to make what

A

mitosis, n gametophytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

n gametophytes undergo what to make what

A

mitosis, n gametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

the gametes fertilize to make

A

2n zygote which develops into sporophyte via mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

old plants which form is dominant

A

gametophyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

new plants which form is dominant

A

sporophyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

angiosperms

A

gametophyte is microscopic, flowering plants, most prolific group of plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

sepal

A

protect flower during formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

petal

A

attract pollenators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

stamen

A

male parts, anther and filament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

anther

A

pollen production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

filament

A

support anther

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

carpel

A

female parts, stigma style and ovary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

stigma

A

where pollen lands and germination occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

ovary

A

female gametophytes produced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
heterosporous
plants that produce male and female spores and male and female gametophytes
26
perfect heterosporous
both spores produced in same flower
27
polygamous heterosporous
male/female flowers on same plant
28
dioecious heterosporous
male and female plants
29
ovule
produces one 2n megasporocyte
30
megasporocyte surrounded by
2n megasporangium
31
megasporocyte undergoes meiosis
produce 4 n megaspores
32
what happens to the 4 megaspores
3 degenerate, 1 undergoes mitosis 3 times to create an 8 nucleated embryosac
33
embryosac
central cell w 2 polar nuclei, egg cell at micropyle (base) with a synergid on each side, 3 antipodal cells at top
34
micropyle
how pollen tube enters the embryosac
35
how are male gametophytes produced
2n microsporocytes undergo meiosis to produce 4 n microspores, each of which undergoes mitosis to form a multicellular pollen grain
36
pollen grain contains
small generative cell which divides into 2 sperm and a tube cell which becomes the pollen tube
37
pollination
pollen grain lands on stigma - germinates, tube cell grows through style towards ovary
38
what happens when the pollen tube fuses with the micropyle
one sperm fuses with the egg to form the zygote, one sperm fertilizes the polar nuclei to produce a 3n endosperm
39
what method did researchers use to destroy specific cells in the embryosac
laser ablation
40
what cells were found to be necessary for pollen tube attraction to egg
at least one synergid
41
how do plants prevent polyspermy
as soon as fertilization occurs, synergids die
42
for plants that need to out cross, what are two methods to prevent self fertilization
physical/temporal separation or genetic self-incompatability
43
physical.temporal separation
in separate flowers, or one gametophyte may mature before the other
44
genetic incompatability
S-locus - tightly linked genes that encode for proteins expressed in pollen grain and stigma; when matching alleles, pollen grain fails to germinate or pollen tube growth halted
45
what does the ovule mature into
develops around embryo to form the seed
46
what does the endosperm do
provide embryo with nutrients
47
what does the ovary wall do
becomes the fruit
48
plant embryogenesis begins when
zygote undergoes asymmetric cell division to form apical and basal cell
49
apical cell
divides on two planes
50
basal cell
divides on one plane
51
globular stage of embryogenesis
radial axis forms
52
suspensor
connects embryo to maternal tissue
53
heart stage of embryogenesis
cotyledons (embryonic leaves) and meristem form
54
shoot apical meristem SAM
stem cells to form aerial portions of plant
55
root apical meristem RAM
stem cells to form below-ground portion of plant
56
potency of meristem
totipotent, can divide continuously throughout the lifetime of the plant
57
3 embryonic germ layers form during embryogenesis
epidermis, ground tissue, vascular tissue
58
epidermis
outer layer for protection and environmental interaction
59
ground tissue
middle layer for photosynthesis and storage
60
vascular tissue
inner layer that forms xylem (water) and phloem (sugar) transport tissue
61
what helps develop body axes in plants
morphogens
62
auxin
establishes apical.basal axis
63
high concentration of auxin
shoot development
64
low concentration of auxin
root development
65
auxin produced
shoot apical meristem, but can't diffuse easily between cells
66
how does auxin move between cells
influx/efflux carriers
67
arabidopsis has 3 mutants
apical mutant, central mutant, basal mutant
68
apical mutant
missing cotyledons
69
central mutant
missing hypocotyl
70
basal mutant
missing hypocotyl and root
71
monopteros gene
encodes transcription factor that is activated in response to auxin - regulates genes required for auxin transport
72
defective monopteros gene
doesn't produce root/basal structures
73
what process follows embryogenesis
vegetative development
74
phenotypic plasticity
plants can modify forms throughout lives to respond to environment (ie root morphologies)
75
differentiation in SAM and RAM stem cells respond to
environmental cues and location signals
76
leaf shape determined by growth on 3 axes
proximal/distal, mediolateral, adaxial/abaxial (upper/lower)
77
phantastica
transcription factor required for establishing adaxial/abaxial axis by activating transcription of genes for forming adaxial cells
78
adaxial cells
smaller
79
abaxial cells
larger
80
phantastica mutant
needle like leaves, epidermis looks like abaxial only
81
how can scientists alter leaf shape
use RNAi pathway to control reduction of PHAN expression
82
flowering initiated when
vegetative meristem transitions to reproductive/floral meristem to produce floral structures
83
4 whorls of flowers
1. sepal 2. petal 3. stamen 4. carpel
84
homeotic mutations in flowers
structures forming in wrong whorl
85
3 gene model for arabidopsis flowers
ABC model - A and C can be expressed in all 4 whorls but inhibit each other, B is limited to whorls 2 and 3
86
whorl 1 - A
sepal
87
whorl 2 - AB
petal
88
whorl 3 - BC
stamen
89
whorl 4 - C
carpel
90
what process confirmed the ABC model
in situ hybridization
91
ABC genes encode
transcription factors that contain conserved DNA-bonding domain (Mads-box)
92
Mads-box genes
determine structure of where they are expressed by regulating effector genes

Foundations of Biology II (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions