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Foundations of Biology II > Development: Animal Development > Flashcards

Development: Animal Development Flashcards

1
Q

four processes in animal development

A

fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, organogenesis

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2
Q

fertilization

A

union of male/female gametes to restore diploidy

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3
Q

how does the sperm effect the zygote

A

establishes polarity in the zygote

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4
Q

challenges to fertilization

A

polyspermy and species recognition (external fertilization)

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5
Q

egg contributes

A

haploid nucleus, organelles, nutrients, cytoplasmic determinants

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6
Q

cytoplasmic determinants

A

mRNA, transcription factors, proteins that set up signal/gene expression cascades > lead to differentiation

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7
Q

sperm contributes

A

haploid nucleus, centriole (form centrosome)

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8
Q

why is the centrosome important

A

determines location of mitotic spindle which determines plane of cell division

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9
Q

sea urchins have external fertilization, how does gamete species identification occur?

A

sperm of species displays protein bindin which must bind to species specific receptor on egg plasma membrane

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10
Q

acrosomal process

A

actin extensions from sperm on which bindin is presented

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11
Q

two mechanisms sea urchins have to prevent polyspermy

A

fast block and slow block

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12
Q

fast block

A

sodium channels open up to allows sodium to enter the egg - the change in voltage (membrane potential) prevents additional sperm from entering

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13
Q

slow block

A

calcium release, cortical reaction and fertilization membrane formation

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14
Q

how does calcium initiate the cortical reaction

A

cortical granules fuse with cell membrane and exocytose the contents between the membrane and the vitelline layer

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15
Q

what is inside the cortical granules and what happens

A

enzymes that digest the sperm receptors

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16
Q

how is water involved in the cortical reaction

A

water rushes into the space between the membrane and the vitelline layer (due to the high solute content) which pushes the fertilization envelope away from the egg

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17
Q

how does sperm entry effect cytoplasmic determinants

A

causes rearrangement of cytoplasmic determinants - centriole from sperm guides movemennt of cortical (outer layer) cytoplasm

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18
Q

B catenin and GSK3 in frog eggs

A

both diffuse throughout egg before fertilization (GSK3 targets B catenin for degradation)

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19
Q

where is GSK3 inhibitors found

A

vesicles in the vegetal pole

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20
Q

what happens upon sperm entry

A

the cortical cytoplasm shifts, causing vesicles to move along microtubule tracks and release protein

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21
Q

how does the cortical shift in frog eggs rearrange cytoplasmic determinants

A

B catenin degraded on ventral side (gradient runs dorsal to ventral) and the ventral-dorsal axis is established

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22
Q

cleavage

A

series of cell divisions where large volume of egg cytoplasm subdivides into smaller cells - no change in size, just number of cells

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23
Q

blastula

A

ball of small cells after cleavage

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24
Q

blastocoel

A

fluid filled sac inside blastula

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25
blastomeres
individual cells that make up blastula
26
blastulation
formation of the blastocoel
27
what determines the type of cleavage
amount of yolk
28
complete cleavage
little yolk, cleavage furrows divide egg completely and blastomeres are similar in size
29
complete cleavage occurs in
echinoderms and mammals
30
incomplete cleavage
lots of yolk, cleavage furrows can't penetrate dense yolk mass so embryo forms on top of yolk
31
incomplete cleavage occurs in
fish, reptiles, birds
32
superficial cleavage
mitosis without cytokinesis to create a multinucleated embryo
33
syncytium
multinucleated cell
34
superficial cleavage occurs in
drosophila
35
indeterminate cleavage
at the 4 cell stage, a cell can be removed from the embryo and can develop into a new embryo - totipotent
36
determinate cleavage
if cell is removed from embryo it will die
37
deuterostomes
echinoderms and chordates - indeterminate cleavage
38
protostomes
arthropods, annelids, mollusks - determinate cleavage
39
mammalian cleavage is different because
cell division is slow and asynchronous (can have odd # of cells)
40
mammalian cleavage at 32 cell stage
separates into inner cell mass and outer sac of cells
41
blastocyst
mammalian embryo at the 32 cell stage
42
blastocyst inner cell mass
becomes the embryo
43
blastocyst outer sac of cells
trophoblast becomes the placenta
44
functions of blastocoel
prevents cells from interacting too early & allows room for cell movements (gastrulation)
45
gastrulation
blastula transformed into gastrula by massive cell movements
46
gastrula
embryo with three germ layers and distinct body axes
47
three germ layers of gastrula
endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm
48
endoderm
innermost layer created by cells that move inward
49
endoderm becomes what tissues
epithelial lining of digestive tract, respiratory tract, pancreas, thyroid, liver
50
ectoderm
outermost layer
51
ectoderm becomes what tissues
nervous system, cornea, epidermis and skin accessories, teeth, epithelial lining of mouth and rectum
52
mesoderm
middle layer
53
mesoderm becomes what tissues
reproductive organs, blood vessels, dermis, muscles, bones
54
different cell movements during gastrulation
invagination, involution, ingression, epiboly
55
invagination
inward movement that forms a cavity
56
involution
movement of a sheet of cells under another layer of cells
57
ingression
detachment of cells that migrate elsewhere (mesoderm mostly)
58
epiboly
thinning and movement of cells over another layer of cells
59
fate maps
can dye blastomeres to follow them through gastrulation and see where the germ layers form
60
notochord
part of mesoderm tha torganizes development of the nervous system
61
blastopore
determines gastrulation pattern, opening of archenteron
62
sea urchin gastrulation begins with
invagination at vegetal pole and formation of archenteron (primative gut) and endoderm
63
sea urchin gastrulation formation of blastocoel cavity
mesenchyme cells break off and migrate (form mesoderm)
64
blastopore in deuterostomes
becomes anus
65
blastopore in protostomes
becomes mouth
66
filopodia
extensions of mesenchyme cells that attach to ectoderm and allow the cells to migrate
67
gastrulation in amphibians initiates when
cells in gray crescent move inwards and form the dorsal lip and involution occurs to form another layer of cells
68
gastrulation in amphibians after involution
epiboly occurs to surround the yolk cells resulting in three layers
69
bottle cells
move inward to form the dorsal lip during amphibian gastrulation
70
what is critical for gastrulation and normal development
cytoplasmic factors (dorsal lip)
71
spemann organizer
dorsal lip is the primary embryonic organizer (cells of dorsal lip can induce other cells to change developmental fate)
72
blastodisc
cells on top of yolk that become an embryo in birds and repitles
73
where is the blastocoel in bird and reptile eggs
between the blastodisc and yolk
74
blastoderm
the embryo once the blastocoel forms
75
epiblast
upper layer of the blastoderm
76
hypoblast
lower layer of blastoderm
77
hypoblast forms
estraembryonic membranes that nourish the embryo
78
gastrulation in birds and reptiles begins when
primitive streak (thick ridge) forms on the epiblast (demarcates the ant-post axis)
79
maturation of the primitive streak
narrowing and lengthening to form the primitive groove
80
ingression of primitive groove results in
Henson's node (embryonic organizer)
81
in mammals, inner cell mass divides into
hypoblast and epiblast
82
hypoblast
forms amnion
83
epiblast
forms embryo, gastrulation occurs here
84
gastrulation in epiblast occurs when
primitive groove forms and eventually forms the node (like Hensen's node)
85
organization of embryo after gastrulation
has ant/post axis, dorsal/ventral axis, inside, middle, outside
86
first event in organogenesis in chordates
formation of notochord from mesoderm, provides structural support during development, eventually replaced by vertebral column in vertebrates
87
neurulation
formation of neural tube from ectoderm
88
notochord is organizing center for
neurulation
89
neural tube forms
brain and spinal chord
90
notochord and Shh
acts as morphogen to establish dorsal/ventral axis and nerve development
91
failure of neural tube fusing in posterior region
spina bifida
92
failure of neural tube fusing in anterior region
anencephaly
93
what helps prevent NTDs
folic acid
94
somites
repeating blocks of mesoderm along both sides of neural tube
95
3 layers of somites become
upper - dermis middle - muscles lower - cartilage of ribs and vertebrae
96
neural crest cells
during neuralation break off (ingress) and become nerves, jaw, skull, face, pigment cells, glands, smooth muscle
97
what happens when somites break up
migrate to final destination to continue to proliferate and differentiate
98
hox gene expression in vertebrates
hox genes determine segment identity along ant/post axis and found on chromosome in order of expression
99
extraembryonic membrane
support embryo by functioning in nutrition and gas and waste movement
100
amnion
forms fluid filled cavity to protect embryo
101
chorion
functions in gas exchange between embryo and environment
102
yolk sac
forms from hypoblast, first extraembryonic membrance
103
what forms the amnion and chorion
mesoderm and ectoderm extend beyond the embryo
104
allantoic membrane
produces allantois that stores metabolic waste formed from mesoderm and endoderm
105
placenta
nutrient and waste exchange, formed from chorion and uterine tissue
106
in mammals size and importance of allantois depends on
how well the placenta works

Foundations of Biology II (17 decks)

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