Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Foundations of Biology II > Community Ecology > Flashcards

Community Ecology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

consumption

A

+/- interaction when one species eats another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

competition

A

-/- interaction when two species competes for the same limiting resource

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

commensalism

A

+/0 interaction when one species benefits and the other is unaffected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

mutualism

A

+/+ interaction when both species benefit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

amensalism

A

-/0 interaction when on species is harmed and the other is unaffected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

three forms of consumption

A

herbivory, parasitism, predation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

herbivory

A

one species eats plants i.e. caterpillars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

parasitism

A

one species eats small amount of host i.e. ticks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

predation

A

one species kills and consumes all or most of another individual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

consumption selects for traits that allow

A

individuals to avoid being eaten

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

constitutive defense

A

defenses that are present even in the absence of predators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

examples of constitutive defense

A

cryptic coloration (camoflauge), production of toxins/defense chemicals (poison dart frogs), defense armor (sea urchins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

predation can select for similar phenotypes

A

across different species in the same environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

milk snake and coral snake

A

milk snake is not venomous, coral snake is; coloration is similar so that milk snake is predated on less often

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

batesian mimicry

A

mimics look dangerous but are not dangerous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

example of batesian mimicry

A

hornet moth, wasp beetle, hoverfly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

mullerian mimicry

A

mimics look dangerous and are dangerous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

example of mullerian mimicry

A

paper wasp, bumblebee, honeybee

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

why mullerian mimicry

A

strength in numbers - re-enforces to the predators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

species turn on some defenses only

A

in the presence of a predator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

inducible defenses

A

defenses in response to predator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

example of inducible defense

A

mussles grown in presence of crab (that ate fish not mussels) led to increase in shell thickness of mussels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

why do rough-skinned newts produce such lethal toxin

A

garter snakes (predator) evolved resistance to the toxin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

if variation for toxin levels in newts, which newts have higher fitness

A

newts with the higher levels of toxin (directional selection)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

which snakes would have highest level of fitness

A

snakes with most resistance to toxin (directional selection)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

so-evolutionary arms race

A

repeating cycle of reciprocal adaptation (newts and snakes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

red queen hypothesis

A

species must constantly evolve so they are not driven to extinction by predation, parasitism, or herbivory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

human defense against plasmodium

A

liver cell has HLA-B53 protein that displays cp26 when infected by plasmodium - T cells destroy the infected cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

evolution of plasmodium

A

mutated cp26 protein that does not induce immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

top-down hypothesis

A

predators and parasites remove herbivores that eat plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

bottom-up hypothesis

A

herbivores are limited because plant tissues are low in nutrients (limits population growth) and plant tissues well defended

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

why are plants so abundant despite constant consumption

A

top-down and bottom-up hypothesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

how do plants defend themselves

A

morphological armor and toxin production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

plants engaged in co-evolutionary arms race with

A

predators - production of toxin and selection for resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

example of top-down hypothesis in plants

A

plants and parasitic wasps - mutualism - inducible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

overlapping niches lead to

A

competition

37
Q

niche

A

range of resources that a species can use or range of conditionx it can tolerate

38
Q

competition influences

A

distribution and abundance of species

39
Q

if competition is symmetric

A

both species will persist in the area of overlap likely in reduced numbers

40
Q

if competition is assymetric

A

the species that is most fit in the area of overlap will persist and the other species will go extinct in that area

41
Q

competitive exclusion

A

two species that occupy the same identical niche cannot co-exist - but if there is complete overlap the weaker species can retreat to another area of the niche

42
Q

larvae of both barnacles exist in the lower intertidal zone - why are Chthalmalus adults only in the upper tidal zone

A

they are outcompeted by Semibalanus

43
Q

half of rock had both Chthalmalus and Semibalanus, one only had Chthalmalus

A

monitor survival of Chathlmalus - when competitor absent, Chathlmalus grows well

44
Q

fundamental niche

A

total theoretical range of environmental conditions a species can tolerate

45
Q

realized niche

A

portion of fundamental niche that is actually occupied

46
Q

fundamental vs realized niche in chthalmalus

A

fundamental is upper and lower intertidal zone - realized is only upper intertidal zone

47
Q

competition vs survivor in barnacles

A

semibalanus is good competitor, chthalmalus is good survivor - life history, natural selection, energy trade-off

48
Q

niche differentiation, resource partitioning, specialization

A

evolutionary change in fundamental niche is driven by competition - natural selection favors individuals who don’t have to compete

49
Q

niche differentation results from

A

character displacement

50
Q

character displacement

A

evolutionary changes in traits that allow species to exploit different resources - leads to niche differentiation

51
Q

example of commensalism

A

ants stir up insects while hunting - antbirds follow to catch the insects that fly away (bird benefitting, ants unaffected)

52
Q

what environmental factor could shift the ant-antbird from +/0 to +/- interaction

A

antbirds accidentally eat many ants while chasing down other insects OR antbirds step in path of ants forcing ants to expend more energy to crawl over their feet

53
Q

clownfish-sea anenome is not always commensalism

A

waste product of clownfish is nutrition for sea-anenome (+/+) or clownfish can steal food source from sea-anenome (+/-)

54
Q

plant-mycorrhizae

A

mutualism plants get more nutrients and water, fungus gets carbon and place to grow

55
Q

ant-acacia

A

mutualism - ant gets housing and food, acacia tree gets protection from herbivores (ants mob and attack herbivores that try to eat the tree)

56
Q

treehopper-ant

A

mutualism - treehoppers suck sap from plants and produce honeydew which is shared food source with ants - ants protect treehoppers from predators

57
Q

is treehopper-ant interaction always mutualistic

A

no - relationship is mutualistic when jumping spiders (predators to treehoppers) are present

58
Q

when is treehopper-ant relationship not mutualistic

A

when jumping spiders are not present (commensalism)

59
Q

example of amensalism

A

insects squashed by stampedes, grass crushed by migration, algal blooms killing marine species (but not beenfit to algae)

60
Q

two ways to describe community structure

A

total number of species (species richness) and species diversity

61
Q

speceis richness

A

total number of species in a community

62
Q

relative abundance

A

proportion each species contributes to the total number of individuals of all species in the community (pi)

63
Q

relative abundance equation

A

number of individuals of species 1 / total number of individuals

64
Q

shannon diversity

A

takes into account number of species in a community and the disctribution of those species

65
Q

keystone species have

A

a disproportionate impact on the abundance of other species (environment engineers)

66
Q

starfish keystone species

A

starfish feed on mussels - without starfish present the species richness drops drastically

67
Q

disturbance

A

stonrg short-lived disruption to a community that changes abundance and distribution of biotic and abiotic components

68
Q

disturbance characterized by

A

type, frequency, and severity

69
Q

giant sequoia disturbance

A

20-40 low severity forest fires per century

70
Q

community structure is maintained by

A

a disturbed regime

71
Q

effect of Smokey the Bear campaign

A

fewer forest fires but now more severe

72
Q

prescribed burn

A

burn the dead stuff on the ground

73
Q

what prevents severe forest fires

A

prescribed burn and thinning

74
Q

succession

A

gradual colonization of a habitat after a disturbance usually by a series of species

75
Q

stages of succession

A

pioneering species, early successional community, mid-succcessional community, climax community

76
Q

primary succession occurs when

A

disturbance removes the soil and soil organisms along with surface organisms

77
Q

examples of primary succession

A

glaciers, floods, volcanic eruption

78
Q

first steps of primary succession

A

production of soil and colonization of microbes

79
Q

next few steps of primary succession

A

mosses, lichens, etc. grow - die - increases organic matter, more species colonize

80
Q

secondary succession occurs when

A

disturbance gets rid of surface organisms but soil is in tact

81
Q

examples of secondary succession

A

fire, logging, hurricane

82
Q

what type of life history species will do well after secondary succession

A

r-strategists - high fecundity, low survivorship

83
Q

what type of life history species will do well in late successional species

A

k-strategists - good competitors, low fecundity, high survivorship

84
Q

existing species can affect colonization by

A

subsequent species

85
Q

two ways existing species affects colonization of subsequent species

A

facilitation and inhibition

86
Q

facilitation

A

early-arriving species make conditions more favorable of later species (increase organic matter, etc.)

87
Q

inhibition

A

presence of one species inhibiits the establishment of another species

88
Q

why is species succession somewhat unpredictable

A

environmental and historical context, and chance events

Foundations of Biology II (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions