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A&P > Special Senses > Flashcards

Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

5 special sense

A 
olfaction
gustation
vision
equilibrium 
hearing
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2
Q

olfactory receptors respond to

A

chemical odorants

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3
Q

Neurons with ___ receptor form olfactory nerve

A

chemoreceptors

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4
Q

information does not synapse in the thalamus for which sense?

A

Olfaction

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5
Q

Taste receptors are clustered in

A

taste buds

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6
Q

taste buds are associated with

A

lingua papillae

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7
Q

Cranial nerves carrying gustatory information

A

VII facial
IX glossopharyngeal
X Vagus

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8
Q

gated channels involved in gustation

A

Mechanically gated

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9
Q

Equilibrium sensations originate in the

A

inner ear

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10
Q

vestibular complex made of

A

vestibule and the semicircle canals

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11
Q

receptors in the….. provide equilibrium sensations

A

vestibular complex

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12
Q

cranial nerve involved in equilibrium

A

VIII vestibulocochlear

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13
Q

fluid in the …. assists in how we perceive balance

A

vestibular complex

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14
Q

Auditory: which membrane converts sound waves into mechanical vibrations?

A

Tympanic Membrane

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15
Q

…. transfer vibrations to oval window

A

3 auditory ossicles

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16
Q

receptors of the — respond to sound waves

A

cochlea

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17
Q

receptors are also called

A

hair cells

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18
Q

hair cells…. with higher frequencies

A

depolarize more quickly

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19
Q

Auditory info is taken to the brain via – cranial nerve

A

cochlea part of vestibulocochlear (VIII)

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20
Q

Retina

A

Thin sheet of neural tissue at back of the eye with specialized neurons that respond to light.

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21
Q

function of the eye lens

A

focuses light on retina, correct for refraction

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22
Q

myopia

A

nearsighted

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23
Q

hyperopia

A

far sightedness

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24
Q

— changes the diameter of the pupil

A

pupillary muscles

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25
Q

decreased light intensity increases…

A

sympathetic stimulation

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26
Q

increased light intensity stimulates

A

parasympathetic division

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27
Q

Number of layers of cells in retinal circuit

A

three: (back to front)
Photoreceptors
bipolar cells
ganglion cells

28
Q

rods detect

A

dim light

29
Q

cones

A

encode color; less sensitive to light;

30
Q

action potential only occurs in which cell in the retina?

A

Ganglion cells to the brain (axons form optic nerve)

31
Q

amacrine and horizontal cells

A

adjust to light intensities; facilitate or inhibit vertical communication

32
Q

pigmented epithelium

A

intercepts photons that are not absorbed by the photoreceptors so light doesn’t “bounce around” in the retina

33
Q

axons from the ganglion cells leave the retina at the

A

optic disk

34
Q

involuntary eye movement (function)

A

keeps visual image moving and brain fills in the blank

35
Q

segments in photoreceptors

A

outer and inner segment

36
Q

outer segment of photoreceptor contains

A

membranous disks with visual pigment

37
Q

visual pigments (function)

A

absorb light, first step to transduction

38
Q

phototransduction

A

change light (photons) into a neural signal (graded potential)

39
Q

visual pigments are derivatives of

A

rhodopsin

40
Q

rhodopsin is made of

A

protein, opsin

pigment, retinal

41
Q

inner segment of photoreceptor contains— and synapses on—

A

organelles ; bipolar cell (releases neurotransmitter)

42
Q

outer segments of photoreceptors have…. that make the membrane potential…. in the dark

A

chemically gated NA channels; depolarized

43
Q

chemically gated sodium channels are gated by

A

cGMP

44
Q

in the dark, the photoreceptor is — neurotransmitter

A

constantly releasing

45
Q

neurotransmitter that binds to bipolar cells is called

A

glutamate

46
Q

phototransduction occurs when

A

photon strikes retinal portion of rhodopsin

47
Q

retinal absorbs photon of light, and then…

A

retinal changes shape and activates the opsin molecule

48
Q

Explain phototransduction in steps;

A
  1. photon contacts the retinal pigment in the rhodopsin molecule
  2. retinal changes shape
  3. opsin molecule is activated
  4. opsin activates transducin (membrane bound enzyme)
  5. transducin activates phosphodiesterase (degrades cGMP)
  6. sodium channels close
  7. membrane potential decreases
  8. Release of neurotransmitter slows
49
Q

transducin activates

A

phosphodiesterase

50
Q

phosphodiesterase …. to cGMP

A

degrades

51
Q

Opsin activates

A

transducin

52
Q

Off bipolar cells is

A

depolarized by glutamate

53
Q

ON bipolar cell is

A

hyperpolarized by glutamate (K channels)

54
Q

OFF bipolar cell is excited by

A

lights off

55
Q

ON bipolar cell is excited by

A

lights on due to decrease in glutamate release

56
Q

ON ganglion respond to

A

ON bipolar cells

57
Q

OFF ganglion respond to

A

off bipolar cells

58
Q

ON ganglion cells respond to an

A

increase in light intensity

59
Q

OFF ganglion receptors respond to

A

decrease in light sensitivity

60
Q

ganglion cell axons converge at — and travel to the —

A

optic disc — diencephalon at optic chiasm

61
Q

visual info is routed through

A

thalamus

62
Q

visual info arrives at the

A

visual cortex of opposite occipital lobe

63
Q

two optic nerves reach the diencephalon at the

A

optic chiasm

64
Q

visual info arrives at mesencephalon

A

for eye and head movement (subconcious)

65
Q

visual info arrives at hypothalamus for

A

circadian rhythms (sleep/wake; metabolism, etc)

A&P (12 decks)

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