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A&P > Neural Tissues > Flashcards

Neural Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Neural tissue is responsible for

A

COMMUNICATION

perception, learning, behavior, emotion, dreams, consciousness

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2
Q

Two major branches of the nervous system are

A

Central Nervous System - brain/spinal cord - sends commands

Peripheral Nervous System - everything else - brings information to the CNS

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3
Q

Nerves carry

A

sensory information and motor commands

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4
Q

afferent division of peripheral nervous system

A

carries information from stimulus to the central nervous system

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5
Q

Efferent division of the peripheral nervous system

A

carries motor commands away from central nervous system

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6
Q

efferent division includes

A

somatic and autonomic nervous systems

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7
Q

somatic nervous system controls the ______ and is ______

A

skeletal muscle; voluntary

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8
Q

autonomic nervous system has two divisions called the

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

control smooth muscle; cardiac muscle; adipose tissue and glands (involuntary)

each exists to compliment the action of the other

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9
Q

general cell types in nervous system

A

neurons - high speed communicators

glia - (neuroglia) maintain and support neurons

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10
Q

pre-synaptic neuron

A

is the neuron that will “talk”

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11
Q

post-synaptic neuron

A

neuron that listens (receives the transmission)

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12
Q

dendrites

A

receive electrical signal

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13
Q

axon

A

carries electrical signal

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14
Q

synaptic terminal

A

neurotransmitters are exocytosed

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15
Q

synaptic cleft

A

space between the pre synaptic membrane and the post-synaptic membrane

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16
Q

synaptic vesicles

A

in presynaptic cell in synaptic terminal; filled vesicles with neurotransmitters and are exocytosed.

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17
Q

neuroglia cell types in central nervous system

A

Ependymal cells
Astrocytes
microglia
oligodendrocytes

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18
Q

Ependymal cell

A

cell that creates fluid lining brain and spinal cord; circulates and monitors spinal fluid

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19
Q

Astrocytes

A

maintain blood/brain barrier; regulate ion, dissolved gas and nutrient concentration; recycle neurotransmitters; form scar tissue

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20
Q

Microglia

A

remove cell waste and pathogens through phagocytosis

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21
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

myelinate CNS axons

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22
Q

neuroglia in the peripheral nervous system

A

satellite cells

shwann cells

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23
Q

satellite cells

A

(similar to astrocytes)

maintain ion/dissolved gas concentration

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24
Q

shwann cells

A

myelinate neuron axons in peripheral nervous system

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25
Q

demyelination

A

pathophysiology that results from destruction to myelin

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26
Q

cells membrane potential results from ________ of charges across plasma membrane. The inside of the cell is typically overall ______ charged compared to the outside which is typically ______ charged.

A

unequal distribution

negative (around -70mv)

Positively charged

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27
Q

resting potential

A

-70mv

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28
Q

separation of charge creates voltage, which is a product of the function of the

A

selectively permeable membrane

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29
Q

Unequal distribution of charge across a membrane results in ____ outside and _____ inside

A

more sodium ions (Na+) outside

more potassium (K+) and proteins (-) inside

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30
Q

leak channels

A

allow potassium and sodium to exit the cell; always open; easier for potassium to exit than sodium

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31
Q

Sodium potassium pump…

A

pumps three sodium into the cell and two potassium ions out to maintain electronegativity

32
Q

electrochemical gradient

A

difference in the electrical and chemical gradient of either sodium or potassium.

33
Q

explain the electrochemical gradient for potassium (K+)

A

Electrical gradient - more negative charges on the inside, so K+ wants to come into the cell

Chemical gradient - diffusion is driven by concentration gradient
more potassium inside than out, so K wants to leave!

Chemical gradient is stronger than electrical gradient, so K+ moves out.

34
Q

Explain the electrochemical gradient for sodium

A

Electrical gradient: outside of the cell is more positively charged than inside, so sodium wants to move in.

Chemical gradient: concentration of sodium ions on inside is less than outside; sodium wants to move into cell

the electro and chemical gradients reinforce each other - sodium wants to enter!

35
Q

a neuron changes its membrane potential by

A

opening or closing gated ion channels that are selective for either sodium or potassium

36
Q

Gated channels

A

respond to specific stimuli

37
Q

leak channels, unlike gated channels, are…

A

always open

38
Q

Two types of gated channels

A

chemically gated channel (dendrite)

voltage gated channel (axon)

39
Q

at any given time, gated channels can be….

A

closed - but right stimulus will open
active - open because correct stimulus is present
inactivated - closed an not able to reopen

40
Q

inactive gated channel must… blank before being used again

A

return to resting potential

41
Q

graded potential results from

A

activating chemical gated channels on the dendrites (neurotransmitter activates the channel)

42
Q

graded potentials can’t…

A

spread; are localized and do not go very far; but can lead to an action potential if the stimulus provides over 10mv

43
Q

graded potential ______ with distance from the activation site.

A

decreases

44
Q

depolarization

A

a change in the membrane potential toward a more positive voltage. enhances ability to generate an action potential (excitatory state)

45
Q

repolarization

A

an action that restores the resting membrane potential. typically involves the Na/K pump

46
Q

hyperpolarization

A

a change in the membrane potential toward more negative values; cell less likely to generate an action potential; inhibitory

47
Q

Action potential results from

A

opening voltage-gated channels at the axon hillock

48
Q

For action potential to happen, the axon must

A

be depolarized to the point of threshold (10mv greater than resting potential).

49
Q

source of depolarization

A

the graded potentials (stored in the axon hillock)

50
Q

At threshold, ________ gated _______ channels (open or close?) and trigger the ________.

A

voltage
Na+
action potential

51
Q

the action potential starts and ends where?

A

Starts at the axon hillock, extends to the axon terminal (synaptic terminal)

52
Q

Action potential, unlike graded potential, does not… and..

A

does not decrease in intensity and propagates by changing the membrane potential down the axon

53
Q

Explain how an action potential occurs

A
  1. Cell rests at -70mv
  2. Graded potential depolarizes axon to threshold
  3. voltage-gated Na+ channels are opened
  4. influx of Na+ causes depolarization
  5. At +40mv, Na+ gated channels are inactivated and voltage-gated K+ gates are opened
  6. efflux of K+ repolarize the membrane
  7. Voltage-gated Na+ channels return to resting
  8. K+ channels stay open until -90mv (hyperpolarized) and then close
  9. leak channels and Na/K pump return the membrane potential to resting
54
Q

The period in which a neuron cannot respond to another stimulus or open more channels

A

absolute refractory period

55
Q

The period when a neuron needs a much higher stimulus to respond due to hyperpolarization

A

relative refractory period

56
Q

Leak channels (location & potential)

A

cell body and dendrites / resting

57
Q

chemically gated (location and potential)

A

cell body and dendrites ; graded potential

58
Q

Voltage gated channels (location and potential)

A

Axon; action potential

59
Q

Explain synaptic activity

A
  1. presynaptic action potential causes neurotransmitters to exocytose
  2. Neurotransmitters bind with receptor on post synaptic neuron
  3. opens chemically gated channel on postsynaptic neuron;
  4. Causes graded potential on post synaptic neuron
60
Q

different synapsis release different

A

neurotransmitters

61
Q

Most common synapses are ones that release…

A

acetylcholine (ACh) and are called cholinergic

62
Q

Location of ACh synapses are commonly found in…

A
  • All neuromuscular junctions (PNS)
  • All neuron-neuron synapses (PNS)
  • Many CNS synapsis
63
Q

function of glutamate

A

plays important role in learning and memory

64
Q

function of dopamine

A

released by neurons in many different brain regions

65
Q

lack of serotonin

A

Lack of results in depression

66
Q

SSRI name and function

A

selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors

block serotonin re-uptake by pre-synaptic neuron

67
Q

Computational power

A

ability to receive multiple stimulus and make a decision to create action potential or not

68
Q

Excitatory synapse

A

produces an excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP)
across the post-synaptic membrane (depolarization)

Makes an action potential more likely

69
Q

Inhibitory synapse

A

produces an inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSP)
across the post-synaptic membrane (hyperpolarization)

suppresses the generation of action potential

70
Q

what determines if a synapse is excitatory or inhibitory?

A

The receptor (NOT THE NEUROTRANSMITTER)

71
Q

Example of excitatory synapse

A

ACh at neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle opens Na+

channels

72
Q

example of inhibitory synapse

A

ACh at neuromuscular junction of cardiac muscle opens K+

channels

73
Q

What does it require for a neuron to make a decision?

A

summation of all graded potentials in the dendrites/cell body

74
Q

spatial summation of ESPS

A

one postsynaptic neuron receives input from many presynaptic neurons; receives multiple synapses from different synaptic terminals at the same time

75
Q

temporal summation

A

sums one synaptic input across time (same input over and over)

76
Q

rate encoding

A

neuron encodes strength of the stimulus by action potential frequency, not the size of the action potential

all action potentials are created equal, so frequency causes change

A&P (12 decks)

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