Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology > special senses > Flashcards

special senses Flashcards

1
Q

all special senses are located within a sensory organ; true or false?

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

bending of light by the cornea onto the retina

A

refraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

adjust for gaze distance
cornea: major adjustment
lens: fine tunes

A

accommodation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

far accommodation is done with __ as the NT and ____ innervates it

A

NE; sympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

near accommodation is done with __ ____ and ____ system innervates it

A

Ach muscarinic; parasympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what two muscles deal with pupillary reflex

A

sphincter and radial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

the sphincter muscle is innervated by

A

parasympathetic and CN III

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

the radial muscle is innervated by what system

A

sympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

the three C’s of close vision

A

contract ciliary, constrict, converge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

axons from the ___ ____ make up the optic nerve

A

ganglion cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

the blind spot is where

A

optic disk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

most of the photosensitive cells are used for ___

A

vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what opsin do rods specifically contain

A

rhodopsin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what opsin do cones specifically contain

A

iodopsin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the retinal in the dark (opsin + 11-cis retinal)

A

rhodopsin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

where is the highest density of cones and highest acuity

A

fovea centralis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

which of these is not true of the cones
a. have cones that code for red, gree, and blue
b. require bright light
c. contain opsin + 11-cis retinal
d. have poor contrast

A

have poor contast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

exposure of light makes cis retinal into trans retinal; true or false?

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what from of retinal activates transducin

A

11-trans-retinal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

which of the following are not true of dark phototransduction
a. release of GLU relative to Ca
b. depolarization occurs in the dark
c. rhodopsin is active at all times
d. GLU is released during dark

A

rhodopsin is active at all times

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

without transducin being activated what is true?
a. there is high gCMP activity
b. Na and Ca enter the cell
c. photoreceptors release glutamate
d. all of the above

A

d. all of the above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

when transducin is activated in the light what is true?
a. Na and Ca can enter the cell
b. K+ leak channels are closed
c. decreases cGMP activity
d. all of the above

A

c.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

when voltage gated Ca channels close there is a decrease in release of ____ proportional to the amount of ____

A

GLU; light (bright light shuts all channels)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

during dark adaptation the time required for vision to adjust is due to

A

revert to opsin + 11-cis retinal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

night blindness is due to: inability of rods to adapt

A

vitamin A deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

ON-bipolar cells only do only ___ potentials

A

graded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

which of these is true about ON- bipolar cells?
a. the GLU receptors are metabotropic
b. high GLU leads to bipolar inhibition and hyperpolarization
c. inhibited by GLU in dark
d. all of these are true

A

d. all of these are true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Light OFF bipolar cells are _____ GLU receptors

A

ionotropic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is not true of bipolar cells
a. they receive info from multiple photoreceptors
b. one ganglion can receive info from many bipolar cells
c. in the fovea centralis there is convergence
d. ganglion cells have an ON and an OFF area

A

c

30
Q

optic tracts carry info to ____

A

thalamus

31
Q

what visual fields cross

A

temporal (nasal retina)

32
Q

nasal visual fields have no _____

A

decussation

33
Q

lens become clouded

A

cataracts

34
Q

lens become harder

A

presbyopia

35
Q

eyeball too long, concave lens

A

myopia

36
Q

eyeball too short, convex lens

A

hyperopia

37
Q

degeneration of optic nerve; higher production of aqueous humor; apoptosis of nerve cells

A

glaucoma

38
Q

X linked recessive disorder, mutations in genes that code for red and green opsins

A

color blindness

39
Q

what is true of determining pitch in the cochlea
a. topographical organization (spatial coding along basilar membrane)
b. low frequency sounds are closer to beginning of cochlea
c. lower dB results in more action potentials
d. all of the above

A

a. topographical organization (spatial coding along basilar membrane)

40
Q

_____ of stereocilia against tectorial membrane (determines response to sound)

A

deformation

41
Q

hair cells and photoreceptors are known as ____ _____ ____; they do not generate action potentials

A

special receptor cells

42
Q

what do special receptor cells such as hair cells and photoreceptors do?

A

release NT

43
Q

what is true of stereocilia?
a. they are positioned on the tectorial membrane
b. they can open mechanically gated K+
c. when they bend towards the kinocilia there is depolarization of hair cell
d. all of the above

A

d.

44
Q

when a hair cell is depolarized and K+ is opened what occurs

A

voltage gated Ca channels release GLU; stimulates afferent neurons

45
Q

the hair cell contains both mechanically and voltage gated channels; true or false?

A

true

46
Q

which of these is not a type of conductive hearing loss
a. cerumen
b. otosclerosis
c. presbycusis
d. otitis media

A

c. presbycusis (hair cells; sensioneural)

47
Q

what constitutes central hearing loss

A

CNS and auditory cortex issues

48
Q

what two senses use kinocilium and K+

A

hearing and equilibrium

49
Q

what structure controls head rotation and angular acceleration and deceleration

A

semicircular canals

50
Q

the macula organs: utricle and saccule do what

A

linear acceleration and head tilt

51
Q

which of these is not correct in the process of transmission of equilibrium position
a. endolymph moves immediately in direction of movement
b. endolymph places pressure on moving capula
c. capula in ampulla moves as body moves
d. stimulation causes stereocilia bends towards kinocilium

A

a

52
Q

increased pressure in cochlea and vestibular apparatus causes dizziness and ringing in ears, what is this disease?

A

menieres disease

53
Q

caused by free floating otoconia crystals that can adhere to the capula resulting in transient attacks of vertigo

A

benign paroxysmal positional vertigo

54
Q

the chemoreceptors for olfaction are __ ____ receptors

A

G protein

55
Q

the odor receptor proteins respond to multiple chemicals within the same ____

A

class

56
Q

what is true of the transduction pathway of olfaction
a. there is no convergence between the 2° sensory neuron and the 1° sensory neuron
b. olfactory neurons detect odor stimulus
c. multiple types of olfactory receptor per 1° sensory neuron
d. all of the above

A

b

57
Q

what is the olfactory pathway

A

neurons in the olfactory epithelium synapse through the cribiform plate to the glomerulus located within the olfactory bulb, then olfactory tracts carry info to brain

58
Q

where is the major relay of olfaction compared to other cells

A

limbic system instead of thalamus

59
Q

which of these structures plays a role in olfaction?
a. hippocampus
b. amygdala
c. limbic system
d. all of the above

A

d

60
Q

the receptors for gustation are classified as

A

chemoreceptors

61
Q

what are the five submodalities of taste

A

salty, sweet, bitter, umami, and sour

62
Q

which of these is true about a type I receptor for gustation?
a. it is recognized by support cells that sense salt
b. the transduction is mediated by sodium channels which cause hyperpolarization
c. The NT is Ach
d. all of the above

A

a.

63
Q

a type II pathway for gustation has what NT

A

possibly ATP

64
Q

the transduction of a type II pathway is ___ ____

A

G protein

65
Q

what does the type II pathway code for (tastants)

A

sweet, bitter, umami

66
Q

what is true of the type III pathway for gustation?
a. transduction is mediated by a H+ channel
b. the neurotransmitter is seratonin
c. the presynaptic cells code for sour tastants
d. all of the above

A

d

67
Q

facial nerve does ____ _ of taste perception on tongue

A

front 1/3

68
Q

glossopharyngeal (IX) does posterior ___ of taste perception on tongue

A

2/3

69
Q

the vagus (X) nerve does taste for

A

epiglottis

70
Q

the gustation pathway goes to ___ to thalamus to ___

A

medulla; gustatory cortex

71
Q

The testicals are in charge of what?

A

ds

Physiology (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions