Ch.6 & Ch.7 Flashcards
sensory neuron to motor neuron
monosynaptic
sensory neuron to interneuron to motor neuron
polysynaptic
primary somatic sensory cortex is where
parietal
sensory association areas bring ____ from many other systems and integrate
sensory information
primary visual cortex and visual association area
occipital
primary auditory cortex and association area
temporal lobe
primary motor cortex, motor association, prefrontal association
frontal lobe
gustatory cortex
insula
language and verbal side of brain
left
spatial side of brain
right
understanding of the sensation/ stimulus
sensory perception
transduction happens in pns or cns
pns
transmission happens in cns or pns
cns
interpretation happens where
cns
conversion of stimulus into electrical language
transduction
somatic motor system with cerebellum and basal ganglia has to do with which motor output
skeletal muscle movements
hypothalamus and autonomic system are involved in motor output within the ____ system
neuroendocrine (motor output)
medulla, hypothalamus, and automatic system
visceral responses (motor output)
hypothalamus and reticular activating system regulates
consciousness
EEG measures graded potential in __ cells
pyramidal cells
brain activity is measures in __ and _
time and mV
high amplitude means all the ppyr. cells are _____ firing and many neurons active (doing IPSP and EPSP at same time)
synchronous
higher frequency (number of waves) means higher state of ______
alertness
your cells should be firing _____ during alert times, pyramidal cells should be independent
asynchronously
what are the two awake waves; what is the prominent awake wave
beta, alpha; beta
attention to an external stimulus, active thinking (busy brain) eyes open
beta (desynchronized)
awake, relaxes, eyes closed (synchronized)
alpha
from beta to alpha
increase amplitude, decrease frequency
drowsiness, sleep, relaxed (synchronized)
theta
slow wave sleep, some continuous attention tasks
delta
nonrapid eye movement; initial is drowsiness and light sleep (alpha and theta) what stage?
N1
non REM decreased sensitivity to stimuli, theta waves interrupted by sleep spindles, what stage
N2
paradoxical sleep with beta like rhythm; decreased muscle tone except eyes and respiratory
rapid eye movement
REM is also referred to stage __
R
sleep apnea occurs in what stage of sleep
R
what is the sleep cycle
stage 1 –> stage 2 —-> stage 3 —-> stage 2 —–> R
non rem sleep is important for ____ and release of
rest and growth hormones
dreaming, stimulate areas of brain used for learning, thinking, and organizing: what type of sleep
REM
hypothalamus is in charge of what tyoe of sleep
non rem
what is responsible for rem sleep
reticular activating system
___ and ____ NT are active in wake periods
NE and serotonin
___ neurons are active in REM
cholinergic
_____ NT are active in NREM sleep
GABA
when GABA neurons become active then _____ is inhibited and allows you to sleep
histamine
when NE and seratonin are inhibited then ____ can cause rem sleep
cholinergic
the more receptors bound to ____ (derivative of ADP) the more sleepy we get
adenosine
caffeine is an _____ mimic it is a competitor; binds to receptors
adenosine
caffeine activates ____ which triggers the adrenal medulle to release epinephrine (Adrenaline)
pituiatry
caffeine causes you to release more _____
dopamine
what three structures help to responds with emotional behavior
hypothalamus, limbic amygdala and cerebral cortex integration
your inner feelings activate
limbic system
behavior to promote homeostasis (hungry, eat)
primary motivated behavior
behavior to reflect preferences, involves choice
secondary motivated behavior
perceived state of being
persistent inner emotions
depressed acitvity in limbic system and prefrontal cortex
depression
exogenous or reactive depression are in response to a trauma
secondary depression
desired behavior —> reward
associative learning
repitition of a single stimulus
non-associative learning
decrease in response (non-associative learning)
habituation
amplification of response (non-associative learning)
sensitization
ability to store and retrieve learned material
memory
is how we make memories and access the set of neurons we’ve committed to remembering that.
memory trace
short term memory is called ___ ___ (7-12 items)
working memory
____ converts short term to long term
consolidation
alzheimers disease is a protein disease where the ____ neurons are lost
cholinergic
language is where (syntax, grammar, and meaning)
left hemisphere
left hemisphere damage in early childhood
language development can be transferred to right
responsible for comprehending language; integration of visual and auditory input
wernickes
intrgration of motor action happens where (speaking of words is disrupted); expressive aphasia
brocas
inarticulate speech with poor syntax, person recognizes mistakes
expressive aphasia (brocas)
when someone with damage to wernickes they speak gibberish. why?
because they cannot understand or comprehend what you said or what they say
disrupted basic cognitive processes; hallucinations, delusions
schizophrenia (excess dopamine)
stimulus to receptor to transmission to integration this is
sensory response
transmission involves what
primary, secondary and tertiary sensory neurons
cerebral cortex to conscious perception is
integration
pain, temperature and olfaction are structures with
free nerve endings
touch, pressure and vibration have ____ receptive ends
specialized
there is no action potential in ____ receptors
sensory
visceral receptors are in
organs
muscles spindles and osmoreceptors are
mechanoreceptors
receptors job is
transduction (converting stimulus to electrical stimulus)
transduction uses two receptors what are they?
ionotropic and metabtropic
adequate stimulus is just the right amount to activate ____
receptor
threshold stimulus is a stimulus which gets ___ __
action potential
tonic receptors continue to send signal they are _____
slow
phasic receptors, respond at beginning and end of stimuli they are ____
rapid
a field that one neuron is in charge of
primary receptive field
1:1 ratio of primary and secondary neurons; chnace of convergence is what recepive field
secondary
what structures do unconscious sensory integration
spinal cord and brainstem
the visceral reflexes go to
medulla
the olfaction sense doesn’t go to ____; instead it goes
thalamus; limbic system
the CNS can filter what we perceive and something that sends action potentials can not read _____ for being recognized
threshold (can change often)
______ are the specifics of our sensory modalities
submodalities
ex. modality: temperature; submodality: ?
hot and cold
labeled line coding helps with identification of ____; tells brain where a stimulus goes in the brain (direct connection between receptor and where it is perceived in brain)
stimulus
increase the number of activated receptors increases what
detected intensity of stimulus
recruitment or popultion coding has to do with
of receptors stimulated
frequency coding is direcrly propotion to
stimulus intensity
stimulus intensity doesn’t determine strength of action potential why?
they are all or none (all action potentials are the same)
phantom limb pains is activated by convergence on a ___ neuron
2° (effect of topograpical organization)
sound takes longer to get to one ear than the other depending on where stimulus is
interaural time difference
stimulus which will activate mult. sensory fields, all the 1° neurons will fire NT but neuron which is directly affected will be strongest
population coding
axoaxonic inhibition; the NT at stimulus axon (2°) is inhibitory which inhibits NT down pathway
lateral inhibition
thermoreceptors have what type of nerve endings
free
what structure controls core temp.
hypothalamus
TPR (transient receptor potential) channels are for ____
TEMP
TPR channels are non specific for _____
cations (meaning Na and K can both move through; Na will move more)
polymodal neurons for ____ temperatures = pain
extreme
TRPA1 (temp receptor) codes for
burning cold
TRPV1 and TRPV2 temp. receptors
noxious heat
some thermoreceptors are ____ gated
ligand
ligand gated temp channels
cold: TRPM8 (menthol); hot: TRPV1 & TRPV2 (capsacin: masks pain); (ethanol)
nociceptors have ____ ____ endings
free nerve
what chemicals produced in the body respond to cell damage (inflammatory soup)
K+, histamine, prostaglandins, bradykinins, seratonin
NT: substance P & GLU
where is conscious sensation of pain and itch
cerebral cortex
emotional responses to pain
limbic system
autonomic responses, sympathetic system
hypothalamus
Don’t have itch in ___, it is stimulated by release of _____
organs; histamine
quick pain but declines when stimulus is removed
acute pain
longer, lasting. pain depends on cause
chronic
pain from organs, poor localization
visceral pain
excess ___ enhances pain especially in skeletal muscle
K+
A delta fibers are for ___ pain
slow
temperature, chemical, mechanical pain are what cns fibers
C
how many neurons in pain pathway
first, second, third
___ order neuron picks up stimulus
first
in pain pathway the first order neuron synapses with second order where
spinal cord
second order neuron always ___
decussates
third order neuron for pain goes to ___ and somatosensoty cortex
thalamus
increased sensitivity to stimulus (pain)
hyperalgesia
analgesic drugs block ___ pathways
Na (because Na being opened gives you graded potential to get to action potential (no pain signal))
what does axoaxonic inhibition descending pain pathway neurons;
endogenous opioids
when there is no pain the ___ ____ blocks pain pathway
inhibitory interneuron
when there is pain the __ ___ stops the inhbitory interneuron from blocking pain pathway allowing pain throuhg
C fiber
the ___ ____ mechanical fiber will tell inhibitory interneuron to continue to work and less of a pain signal is sent
alpha beta
the receptor and destination in brain of somatosensory pathways are ipsilateral or contralateral
contralateral
what is the dorsal column pathway
1° neuron goes to medulla, from medulla the second order neuron decussated to thalamus and 3° neuron goes to somatosensory cortex
pathway that handles fine touch, vibration, precise pressure (discriminatory touch)
dorsal column
the anterolateral spinothalamic pathway goes where
1° neuron starts in spinal cord, from spinal cord 2 order neuron will decussate at spinal cord and go to thalamus, the third order neuron goes to somatosensory
what pathway handles light and crude touch
anterior spinothalamic
pain and temperature what pathway
lateral spinothalamic
