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Physiology > Ch.6 & Ch.7 > Flashcards

Ch.6 & Ch.7 Flashcards

1
Q

sensory neuron to motor neuron

A

monosynaptic

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2
Q

sensory neuron to interneuron to motor neuron

A

polysynaptic

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3
Q

primary somatic sensory cortex is where

A

parietal

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4
Q

sensory association areas bring ____ from many other systems and integrate

A

sensory information

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5
Q

primary visual cortex and visual association area

A

occipital

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6
Q

primary auditory cortex and association area

A

temporal lobe

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7
Q

primary motor cortex, motor association, prefrontal association

A

frontal lobe

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8
Q

gustatory cortex

A

insula

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9
Q

language and verbal side of brain

A

left

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10
Q

spatial side of brain

A

right

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11
Q

understanding of the sensation/ stimulus

A

sensory perception

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12
Q

transduction happens in pns or cns

A

pns

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13
Q

transmission happens in cns or pns

A

cns

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14
Q

interpretation happens where

A

cns

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15
Q

conversion of stimulus into electrical language

A

transduction

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16
Q

somatic motor system with cerebellum and basal ganglia has to do with which motor output

A

skeletal muscle movements

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17
Q

hypothalamus and autonomic system are involved in motor output within the ____ system

A

neuroendocrine (motor output)

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18
Q

medulla, hypothalamus, and automatic system

A

visceral responses (motor output)

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19
Q

hypothalamus and reticular activating system regulates

A

consciousness

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20
Q

EEG measures graded potential in __ cells

A

pyramidal cells

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21
Q

brain activity is measures in __ and _

A

time and mV

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22
Q

high amplitude means all the ppyr. cells are _____ firing and many neurons active (doing IPSP and EPSP at same time)

A

synchronous

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23
Q

higher frequency (number of waves) means higher state of ______

A

alertness

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24
Q

your cells should be firing _____ during alert times, pyramidal cells should be independent

A

asynchronously

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25
Q

what are the two awake waves; what is the prominent awake wave

A

beta, alpha; beta

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26
Q

attention to an external stimulus, active thinking (busy brain) eyes open

A

beta (desynchronized)

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27
Q

awake, relaxes, eyes closed (synchronized)

A

alpha

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28
Q

from beta to alpha

A

increase amplitude, decrease frequency

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29
Q

drowsiness, sleep, relaxed (synchronized)

A

theta

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30
Q

slow wave sleep, some continuous attention tasks

A

delta

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31
Q

nonrapid eye movement; initial is drowsiness and light sleep (alpha and theta) what stage?

A

N1

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32
Q

non REM decreased sensitivity to stimuli, theta waves interrupted by sleep spindles, what stage

A

N2

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33
Q

paradoxical sleep with beta like rhythm; decreased muscle tone except eyes and respiratory

A

rapid eye movement

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34
Q

REM is also referred to stage __

A

R

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35
Q

sleep apnea occurs in what stage of sleep

A

R

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36
Q

what is the sleep cycle

A

stage 1 –> stage 2 —-> stage 3 —-> stage 2 —–> R

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37
Q

non rem sleep is important for ____ and release of

A

rest and growth hormones

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38
Q

dreaming, stimulate areas of brain used for learning, thinking, and organizing: what type of sleep

A

REM

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39
Q

hypothalamus is in charge of what tyoe of sleep

A

non rem

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40
Q

what is responsible for rem sleep

A

reticular activating system

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41
Q

___ and ____ NT are active in wake periods

A

NE and serotonin

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42
Q

___ neurons are active in REM

A

cholinergic

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43
Q

_____ NT are active in NREM sleep

A

GABA

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44
Q

when GABA neurons become active then _____ is inhibited and allows you to sleep

A

histamine

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45
Q

when NE and seratonin are inhibited then ____ can cause rem sleep

A

cholinergic

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46
Q

the more receptors bound to ____ (derivative of ADP) the more sleepy we get

A

adenosine

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47
Q

caffeine is an _____ mimic it is a competitor; binds to receptors

A

adenosine

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48
Q

caffeine activates ____ which triggers the adrenal medulle to release epinephrine (Adrenaline)

A

pituiatry

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49
Q

caffeine causes you to release more _____

A

dopamine

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50
Q

what three structures help to responds with emotional behavior

A

hypothalamus, limbic amygdala and cerebral cortex integration

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51
Q

your inner feelings activate

A

limbic system

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52
Q

behavior to promote homeostasis (hungry, eat)

A

primary motivated behavior

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53
Q

behavior to reflect preferences, involves choice

A

secondary motivated behavior

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54
Q

perceived state of being

A

persistent inner emotions

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55
Q

depressed acitvity in limbic system and prefrontal cortex

A

depression

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56
Q

exogenous or reactive depression are in response to a trauma

A

secondary depression

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57
Q

desired behavior —> reward

A

associative learning

58
Q

repitition of a single stimulus

A

non-associative learning

59
Q

decrease in response (non-associative learning)

A

habituation

60
Q

amplification of response (non-associative learning)

A

sensitization

61
Q

ability to store and retrieve learned material

A

memory

62
Q

is how we make memories and access the set of neurons we’ve committed to remembering that.

A

memory trace

63
Q

short term memory is called ___ ___ (7-12 items)

A

working memory

63
Q

____ converts short term to long term

A

consolidation

64
Q

alzheimers disease is a protein disease where the ____ neurons are lost

A

cholinergic

65
Q

language is where (syntax, grammar, and meaning)

A

left hemisphere

66
Q

left hemisphere damage in early childhood

A

language development can be transferred to right

67
Q

responsible for comprehending language; integration of visual and auditory input

A

wernickes

68
Q

intrgration of motor action happens where (speaking of words is disrupted); expressive aphasia

A

brocas

69
Q

inarticulate speech with poor syntax, person recognizes mistakes

A

expressive aphasia (brocas)

70
Q

when someone with damage to wernickes they speak gibberish. why?

A

because they cannot understand or comprehend what you said or what they say

71
Q

disrupted basic cognitive processes; hallucinations, delusions

A

schizophrenia (excess dopamine)

72
Q

stimulus to receptor to transmission to integration this is

A

sensory response

73
Q

transmission involves what

A

primary, secondary and tertiary sensory neurons

74
Q

cerebral cortex to conscious perception is

A

integration

75
Q

pain, temperature and olfaction are structures with

A

free nerve endings

76
Q

touch, pressure and vibration have ____ receptive ends

A

specialized

77
Q

there is no action potential in ____ receptors

A

sensory

78
Q

visceral receptors are in

A

organs

79
Q

muscles spindles and osmoreceptors are

A

mechanoreceptors

80
Q

receptors job is

A

transduction (converting stimulus to electrical stimulus)

81
Q

transduction uses two receptors what are they?

A

ionotropic and metabtropic

82
Q

adequate stimulus is just the right amount to activate ____

A

receptor

83
Q

threshold stimulus is a stimulus which gets ___ __

A

action potential

84
Q

tonic receptors continue to send signal they are _____

A

slow

85
Q

phasic receptors, respond at beginning and end of stimuli they are ____

A

rapid

86
Q

a field that one neuron is in charge of

A

primary receptive field

87
Q

1:1 ratio of primary and secondary neurons; chnace of convergence is what recepive field

A

secondary

88
Q

what structures do unconscious sensory integration

A

spinal cord and brainstem

89
Q

the visceral reflexes go to

A

medulla

90
Q

the olfaction sense doesn’t go to ____; instead it goes

A

thalamus; limbic system

91
Q

the CNS can filter what we perceive and something that sends action potentials can not read _____ for being recognized

A

threshold (can change often)

92
Q

______ are the specifics of our sensory modalities

A

submodalities

93
Q

ex. modality: temperature; submodality: ?

A

hot and cold

94
Q

labeled line coding helps with identification of ____; tells brain where a stimulus goes in the brain (direct connection between receptor and where it is perceived in brain)

A

stimulus

95
Q

increase the number of activated receptors increases what

A

detected intensity of stimulus

96
Q

recruitment or popultion coding has to do with

A

of receptors stimulated

97
Q

frequency coding is direcrly propotion to

A

stimulus intensity

98
Q

stimulus intensity doesn’t determine strength of action potential why?

A

they are all or none (all action potentials are the same)

99
Q

phantom limb pains is activated by convergence on a ___ neuron

A

2° (effect of topograpical organization)

100
Q

sound takes longer to get to one ear than the other depending on where stimulus is

A

interaural time difference

101
Q

stimulus which will activate mult. sensory fields, all the 1° neurons will fire NT but neuron which is directly affected will be strongest

A

population coding

102
Q

axoaxonic inhibition; the NT at stimulus axon (2°) is inhibitory which inhibits NT down pathway

A

lateral inhibition

103
Q

thermoreceptors have what type of nerve endings

A

free

104
Q

what structure controls core temp.

A

hypothalamus

105
Q

TPR (transient receptor potential) channels are for ____

A

TEMP

106
Q

TPR channels are non specific for _____

A

cations (meaning Na and K can both move through; Na will move more)

107
Q

polymodal neurons for ____ temperatures = pain

A

extreme

108
Q

TRPA1 (temp receptor) codes for

A

burning cold

109
Q

TRPV1 and TRPV2 temp. receptors

A

noxious heat

110
Q

some thermoreceptors are ____ gated

A

ligand

111
Q

ligand gated temp channels

A

cold: TRPM8 (menthol); hot: TRPV1 & TRPV2 (capsacin: masks pain); (ethanol)

112
Q

nociceptors have ____ ____ endings

A

free nerve

113
Q

what chemicals produced in the body respond to cell damage (inflammatory soup)

A

K+, histamine, prostaglandins, bradykinins, seratonin
NT: substance P & GLU

114
Q

where is conscious sensation of pain and itch

A

cerebral cortex

115
Q

emotional responses to pain

A

limbic system

116
Q
A
117
Q

autonomic responses, sympathetic system

A

hypothalamus

118
Q

Don’t have itch in ___, it is stimulated by release of _____

A

organs; histamine

119
Q

quick pain but declines when stimulus is removed

A

acute pain

120
Q

longer, lasting. pain depends on cause

A

chronic

121
Q

pain from organs, poor localization

A

visceral pain

122
Q

excess ___ enhances pain especially in skeletal muscle

A

K+

123
Q

A delta fibers are for ___ pain

A

slow

124
Q

temperature, chemical, mechanical pain are what cns fibers

A

C

125
Q

how many neurons in pain pathway

A

first, second, third

126
Q

___ order neuron picks up stimulus

A

first

127
Q

in pain pathway the first order neuron synapses with second order where

A

spinal cord

128
Q

second order neuron always ___

A

decussates

129
Q

third order neuron for pain goes to ___ and somatosensoty cortex

A

thalamus

130
Q

increased sensitivity to stimulus (pain)

A

hyperalgesia

131
Q

analgesic drugs block ___ pathways

A

Na (because Na being opened gives you graded potential to get to action potential (no pain signal))

132
Q

what does axoaxonic inhibition descending pain pathway neurons;

A

endogenous opioids

133
Q

when there is no pain the ___ ____ blocks pain pathway

A

inhibitory interneuron

134
Q

when there is pain the __ ___ stops the inhbitory interneuron from blocking pain pathway allowing pain throuhg

A

C fiber

135
Q

the ___ ____ mechanical fiber will tell inhibitory interneuron to continue to work and less of a pain signal is sent

A

alpha beta

136
Q

the receptor and destination in brain of somatosensory pathways are ipsilateral or contralateral

A

contralateral

137
Q

what is the dorsal column pathway

A

1° neuron goes to medulla, from medulla the second order neuron decussated to thalamus and 3° neuron goes to somatosensory cortex

138
Q

pathway that handles fine touch, vibration, precise pressure (discriminatory touch)

A

dorsal column

139
Q

the anterolateral spinothalamic pathway goes where

A

1° neuron starts in spinal cord, from spinal cord 2 order neuron will decussate at spinal cord and go to thalamus, the third order neuron goes to somatosensory

140
Q

what pathway handles light and crude touch

A

anterior spinothalamic

141
Q

pain and temperature what pathway

A

lateral spinothalamic

Physiology (19 decks)

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