blood Flashcards
types of WBC’s
Neutrophils, luekocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils
what WBC have secretory functions
basophils and eosinophils
hemopoisis is what? done in bone marrow
production of formed elements
do RBC or WBC last longer
RBC (WBC are more abundant)
produces most blood cells (RBC and WBC except lymphocytes)
myeloid progenitor
what is the last stage of an RBC before maturation (starting from an myeloid stem cell)
reticulocyte
cytokine produced by kidneys and liver; in response to lower O2 delivery to the kindeys (also testosterone)
erythropoietin
colony stimulating factors are __ ____ for myeloid stem cells
growth factors
what do platelets start out as
megakarocytes
the edges of the megakarocytes break off to form platelets and contain what
enzymes, proteins, actin and myosin.
a red blood cell has what components
a. DNA
b. hemoglobin
c. mitochondria (and CA)
d. all of the above
C
1 molecule of hemoglobin can hold how many o2
4
hemoglobin has a ____ structure and a hemoglobin in each chain
quartenary
what is the oxygen carrying capacity
1.34 O2/g Hb
what three structures are involved in hemolysis of RBC
spleen, liver and red marrow
ferritin is
and tranferritin is
iron storage protein
iron transport protein
where is most of the iron stored
liver
after Fe is broken down is becomes biliverdin then to ____ which moves into the intestines and liver
bilirubin
the bilirubin moves through the liver and is filtered into ___ for feces and ___ for urine
stercobilin; urobilin
each blood cell has the same 4 sugars, the presence or absense of teh 5th sugar defines what
blood type a, b, or o (ab has two sets)
ab is the universal acceptor why?
no antibodies
why is o the universal donor
no antigens on RBC
recipient blood antibodies react with donor blood antigens
major agglutination
donor blood antibodies react with recipient blood antigens
minor agglutination
the RBC count is ____; female count ____, male count ____
hemocytometer
3.9-5.6 uL
4.5-6.5 uL
high red blood count but normal normal count and total mass; usually due to dehydration
relative polycythemia
high RBC and WBC counts; high hematocrit with no hypoxia
erythemia or polycythemia vera
high RBC and arterial hypoxia
2° polycythemia
packed cell volume test
normal female levels
normal male levels
hematocrit
42 +/- 5
47+/- 7
MCV tests ___ ____ and the formula is
RBC cell; hct x 10,000 mill / uL
normal MCV
87+/- 5
avg hemoglobin
15g/dL
hyperchromic cells have what ratio
Hb higher than RBC
hypochromic cells and microcytic tells us what
iron deficiency anemia
lowered Hb production; genetic: regulatory genes
thalassemia
lowered RBC production; intrinsic factor and B12 (macrocytic)
pernicious anemia
granular leukocytes
neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils
what leukocyte is the first line of defense and contains hydrolytic enzymes
neutrophils
parasite and inflammation regulation
eosinophils
macrophages; phagocytes and help present antigens to lymphocytes
monocytes
thrombocytopenia can be caused by
pregnancy, immune system destruction, autoimmune diseases, and bacteria in blood
primary thrombocytosis is caused by
genetics; faulty stem cells
4 steps of hemostasi
- vascular spasm & vasoconstriction
- platelet plug
- coagulation
- clot retraction
platelet activation is localized to injured cells; NO does _____ and prostacyclin ____ ____ of platelets
vasodilation; prevent adhesion
vascular spasm and vasoconstriction is due to
lowered blood flow and pressure
____ ___ within the vessel walls are exposed and platelets adhere via ____
collagen fibers; integrins
what factor helps make platelets adhere to collagen
von willebrand
adhesion of platelets triggers _____ for vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation (PAF and ADP)
serotonin
PAF (platelet activating factor) uses positive feed back to
aggregate platelets
the intrinsic pathway for coagulation is characterized by exposure to _____
collagen
what is the activation factor for intrinsic pathway
factor XII
the extrinsic pathway is characterized by damage tissues that release _____ ; which in turn activates factor ___
factor III (thromboplastin) ; VII
the common pathway completes the process initiated by intrinsic or extrinsic and is controlled by what factor
factor X
factor X is
prothrombin converting factor
conversion of ____ to _____ is stage II of common pathway
prothrombin –> thrombin
stage III of common pathway is
soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin
the crosslinking of fibrin strands creates a
stabilized clot
thrombin and tissue plasminogen activator activates
plasminogen into plasmin
plasmin in turn cuts ____ into short segments and removes meshwork
fibrin
