Ch.2 Flashcards
Hollow organs have cavities called
lumens
internal lumans are lined with _____; external lumens are lined with ____
endothelium; epithelium
basic functions of the cell membrane
isolates, communicates, regulates exchange, structure and support
what type of molecules are able to move along the phospholipid bilayer
small, nonpolar molecules
nonpolar = hydrophobic or hydrophillic
hydrophobic
a liposome has heads pointing towards the outside and inside, what molecules could be stored inside a liposome
a polar molecule
a micelle is a circular lipid bi layer with hydrophobic tails on inside, what type of molecules could be stored there
non polar molecules
cholesterol is hydrophobic or hydrophilic
hydrophobic
many integral proteins are ____, go from one side of the membrane to the other
trans
transmembrane proteins are _____
amphipathic
peripheral proteins sit on the ____ of the membrane
surface
integral proteins typically run through ____ membrane
whole
glycocalyx are composed of
glycoproteins and glycolipids
increased fluidity, it ____ the membrane integrity
decreases
with high temperature the membrane fluidity _____
increases
with more unsaturated fats, the fluidity of the membrane _____
increases
with saturated fats, membrane fluidity ______
decreases
at regular temperature, more cholesterol will cause fluidity to _____
decrease
cold temperature with more cholesterol, fluidity ____
increases
all living things arise from living things, all cells come from other cells
cell theory
synthesis or condensation reactions is taking small parts and putting them together which ____ energy
stores
hydrolysis is taking a molecule and breaking it down which ____ energy
releases
proton and neutron location
nucleus
electron location
orbit
share electrons to fill outer shell
covalent bonds
the polarity (seperation of charge) of covalently bonded molecules are based upon
evenness of electron sharing
non covalent bonds
ionic, hydrogen, van der waals
non-specific attraction between one atoms nucleus and another atoms electrons
van der waals forces
transfer of electrons, cation and anion
ionic bonds
water is polar covalent, most lipids are ____
non polar, covalent
something lipophobic will or will not dissolve in water
will
carbonic acid gives off a __ and becomes bicarbonate
hydrogen
accept an H+ or release a free OH-
bases
help you maintain constant ph
buffer
acid buffers are ____ that bind H+
anions
what would a base buffer do
bind OH- or give off H to keep pH from going to high
Which of the following best describes the pathway of protein synthesis through the endomembrane system?
ER → transport vesicle → Golgi → transport vesicle → plasma membrane
Disulfide bridges can be found in which level(s) of protein organization?
tertiary structure
Which membrane component(s) will cause the membrane to become more rigid at normal body temperature?
phospholipids with saturated tails
N-linked glycosylation will occur in the ______ which causes the protein to ______.
ER, be secreted out of the cell
are able to move within the cell and serve as both the reception and response agents,
nucleur receptors
actually permit the entrance of ions to generate an immediate response
ionotrpoic
the receptor is embedded in the cell membrane; neither the signal nor the receptor can enter the cytoplasm. In order to propagate a signal and create a response, the signal must be received, the message must be transduced within the cytoplasm by a cascade of proteins, and finally a response can be elicited
metabotropic
nucleic acid monomer unit
nucleotides
proteins monomer unit
amino acids
carbohydrate monomer unit
monosaccharide
atp is composed of
adenine, ribose and phosphate
purines
adenine, guanine
pyrimidines
thymine, cytosine, uracil
examples of small, non polar solutes
oxygen, carbon dioxide, steroid hormones
examples of large polar solutes
carbohydrates, proteins, charged ions
water is equivalent across a membrane
osmotic equilibrium (equal conc. does not mean equal volume)
force required to prevent osmosis
osmotic pressure
osmolarity = molarity x _____
number of osmoles
what is the cell referance value for milliosmoles
300
penetrating + non-penetrating solutes =
osmolarity
non-penetrating solutes =
tonicity
pressure gradient drives the flow w/in compartment
motion of the fluid from area of high pressure to area of low pressure
bulk flow
examples of bulk flow
respiratory, cardiovascular, renal
what proteins allow things through that cannot get through the mebrane (polarity and charge)
integral proteins (transmembrane)
channels specifically for water
aquaporin
like ____ like when it comes to open channels and ions
repels
three type of gated channels
voltage, ligand, mechanically gated
a carrier protein requires ____ to what they are carrying
binding
carrier proteins have what two characteristics
conformational change and chemical specificity
carrier proteins are active in
facilitated diffusion and active transport
primary active transport is defined by direct ____ use
ATP
3 Na+ load onto binding sites, ATP is used and a conformational change occurs opening the pump to outside (ATP—-> ADP) Na+ are released into environment, 2 K+ binds and phosphate from ATP is released and confirmation returns
indirect ATP use, using an established ion gradient
secondary active transport
similiar solutes can be transported by the same protein, which causes lower rate of transport for the target molecule; what is this?
competition
_____ a competitive inhibitor that binds to the GLUT transporter but is not itself carried across the membrane (takes binding site cause loss of function for carrier protein)
maltose
transport can reach a maximum rate when all binding sites are ___
saturated
cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator allows what to pass through
Cl-
the cl- in cystic fibrosis do not get moved into the cell, so Na+ and water will not follow into the cell. The mucus will build up on the cilia because of it
endocytosis is referred to as, creates a ___ and is non selective
cell drinking, vesicle
endocytosis that is selective and uses a ligand and receptor
receptor mediated endocytosis
The secretory vesicles contain v-SNAREs which will associate with t-SNAREs on the target ______.
membrane
changes in membrane potential (cell-cell communication)
electrical signal
membrane potentials can be both within a cell or from ____ - ____
cell - cell
secretion of chemicals into ECF (hormones, insulin) ; paracrine and autocrine agents
chemical signals
contact dependent signals, gap junctions
local communication
cell membrane surface molecules use cell ____ molecules
adhesion
gap junctions do both electrical signals and chemical signals, if a ___ forms between two cells it can go directly through from one cell to another
connexion
(local communication) secreting cell is a target cell
autocrine
(local communication) other cells are target cells
paracrine
(long distance communication) two big systems
endocrine and nervous
neurotransmitters are signal molecules called
neurocrine
impacts what happens at axon that released it; type of NT
neuromodulator
go into bloodstream when they are released; type of NT
neurohormone
class of regulatory proteins not hormones
cytokines
cytokines are made on demand by ____ cells
nucleated (need DNA to make these)
cytokines do ____ and long distance signals
local
what pathway causes a metabolic response inside the cell
metabotropic
the signaling molecule (ligand) in metabotropic is called a ____ to a receptor. This first process is called
first messenger, reception
what is this second step called of metabotropic signaling?
using a 2nd messenger (signal amplification) often the activation is due to phosphorylation by kinase
transduction
the last step of metabotropic signaling is an affected target ____
protein
The goal of metabotropic signaling is to alter or activate ___ within a cell to get a response
proteins
a kinase that is part of the receptor protein, integral protein
intrinsic kinase
____ kinase phosphorylates protein within the cell, causes ATP to transfer a phosphate to a protein (metabotropic)
tyrosine
receptor protein linked to _ protein, in g- protein metabotropic pathway
G
G protein has two functions, what are they?
open membrane ion channel, alter enzyme function in the cytosol
alter structure of cytoskeleton, activate intracellular enzymes (metabotropic)
integrins
rapid response, short term pathway
ionotropic
ionotropic is a ____ gated ion channel, entrance of ions alters cell acitivity and _____ potential
ligand, membrane
____ activates v snare proteins
Ca 2+
internal receptors/ signal pathway are called
nuclear signal
signal pathway has a slower response but longer term and may be amplified
nucleur
nuclear has two phases, reception and response. The messenger should be ____ or ____
hydrophobic or lipophillic (usually a hormone)
what is the response of nuclear pathway
target transcription factors for protein synthesis
different receptor ____ elicit different responses with the same ligand
isoforms
alpha adrenergic receptor with epinephrine there is? but with beta adrenergic receptor with epinephrine there is ?
vasoconstriction (alpha)
vasodilation (beta)
4 ways to terminate signal pathway
enzymatic hydrolysis, diffusion, re-uptake, endocytosis of the receptor
