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Physiology > Ch.2 > Flashcards

Ch.2 Flashcards

1
Q

Hollow organs have cavities called

A

lumens

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2
Q

internal lumans are lined with _____; external lumens are lined with ____

A

endothelium; epithelium

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3
Q

basic functions of the cell membrane

A

isolates, communicates, regulates exchange, structure and support

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4
Q

what type of molecules are able to move along the phospholipid bilayer

A

small, nonpolar molecules

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5
Q

nonpolar = hydrophobic or hydrophillic

A

hydrophobic

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6
Q

a liposome has heads pointing towards the outside and inside, what molecules could be stored inside a liposome

A

a polar molecule

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7
Q

a micelle is a circular lipid bi layer with hydrophobic tails on inside, what type of molecules could be stored there

A

non polar molecules

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8
Q

cholesterol is hydrophobic or hydrophilic

A

hydrophobic

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9
Q

many integral proteins are ____, go from one side of the membrane to the other

A

trans

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10
Q

transmembrane proteins are _____

A

amphipathic

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11
Q

peripheral proteins sit on the ____ of the membrane

A

surface

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12
Q

integral proteins typically run through ____ membrane

A

whole

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13
Q

glycocalyx are composed of

A

glycoproteins and glycolipids

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14
Q

increased fluidity, it ____ the membrane integrity

A

decreases

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15
Q

with high temperature the membrane fluidity _____

A

increases

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16
Q

with more unsaturated fats, the fluidity of the membrane _____

A

increases

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17
Q

with saturated fats, membrane fluidity ______

A

decreases

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18
Q

at regular temperature, more cholesterol will cause fluidity to _____

A

decrease

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19
Q

cold temperature with more cholesterol, fluidity ____

A

increases

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20
Q

all living things arise from living things, all cells come from other cells

A

cell theory

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21
Q

synthesis or condensation reactions is taking small parts and putting them together which ____ energy

A

stores

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22
Q

hydrolysis is taking a molecule and breaking it down which ____ energy

A

releases

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23
Q

proton and neutron location

A

nucleus

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24
Q

electron location

A

orbit

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25
Q

share electrons to fill outer shell

A

covalent bonds

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26
Q

the polarity (seperation of charge) of covalently bonded molecules are based upon

A

evenness of electron sharing

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27
Q

non covalent bonds

A

ionic, hydrogen, van der waals

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28
Q

non-specific attraction between one atoms nucleus and another atoms electrons

A

van der waals forces

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29
Q

transfer of electrons, cation and anion

A

ionic bonds

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30
Q

water is polar covalent, most lipids are ____

A

non polar, covalent

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31
Q

something lipophobic will or will not dissolve in water

A

will

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32
Q

carbonic acid gives off a __ and becomes bicarbonate

A

hydrogen

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33
Q

accept an H+ or release a free OH-

A

bases

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34
Q

help you maintain constant ph

A

buffer

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35
Q

acid buffers are ____ that bind H+

A

anions

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36
Q

what would a base buffer do

A

bind OH- or give off H to keep pH from going to high

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37
Q

Which of the following best describes the pathway of protein synthesis through the endomembrane system?

A

ER → transport vesicle → Golgi → transport vesicle → plasma membrane

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38
Q

Disulfide bridges can be found in which level(s) of protein organization?

A

tertiary structure

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39
Q

Which membrane component(s) will cause the membrane to become more rigid at normal body temperature?

A

phospholipids with saturated tails

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40
Q

N-linked glycosylation will occur in the ______ which causes the protein to ______.

A

ER, be secreted out of the cell

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41
Q

are able to move within the cell and serve as both the reception and response agents,

A

nucleur receptors

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42
Q

actually permit the entrance of ions to generate an immediate response

A

ionotrpoic

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43
Q

the receptor is embedded in the cell membrane; neither the signal nor the receptor can enter the cytoplasm. In order to propagate a signal and create a response, the signal must be received, the message must be transduced within the cytoplasm by a cascade of proteins, and finally a response can be elicited

A

metabotropic

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44
Q

nucleic acid monomer unit

A

nucleotides

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45
Q

proteins monomer unit

A

amino acids

46
Q

carbohydrate monomer unit

A

monosaccharide

47
Q

atp is composed of

A

adenine, ribose and phosphate

48
Q

purines

A

adenine, guanine

49
Q

pyrimidines

A

thymine, cytosine, uracil

50
Q

examples of small, non polar solutes

A

oxygen, carbon dioxide, steroid hormones

51
Q

examples of large polar solutes

A

carbohydrates, proteins, charged ions

52
Q

water is equivalent across a membrane

A

osmotic equilibrium (equal conc. does not mean equal volume)

53
Q

force required to prevent osmosis

A

osmotic pressure

54
Q

osmolarity = molarity x _____

A

number of osmoles

55
Q

what is the cell referance value for milliosmoles

A

300

56
Q

penetrating + non-penetrating solutes =

A

osmolarity

57
Q

non-penetrating solutes =

A

tonicity

58
Q

pressure gradient drives the flow w/in compartment

motion of the fluid from area of high pressure to area of low pressure

A

bulk flow

59
Q

examples of bulk flow

A

respiratory, cardiovascular, renal

60
Q

what proteins allow things through that cannot get through the mebrane (polarity and charge)

A

integral proteins (transmembrane)

61
Q

channels specifically for water

A

aquaporin

62
Q

like ____ like when it comes to open channels and ions

A

repels

63
Q

three type of gated channels

A

voltage, ligand, mechanically gated

64
Q

a carrier protein requires ____ to what they are carrying

A

binding

65
Q

carrier proteins have what two characteristics

A

conformational change and chemical specificity

66
Q

carrier proteins are active in

A

facilitated diffusion and active transport

67
Q

primary active transport is defined by direct ____ use

A

ATP

68
Q

3 Na+ load onto binding sites, ATP is used and a conformational change occurs opening the pump to outside (ATP—-> ADP) Na+ are released into environment, 2 K+ binds and phosphate from ATP is released and confirmation returns

A
69
Q

indirect ATP use, using an established ion gradient

A

secondary active transport

70
Q

similiar solutes can be transported by the same protein, which causes lower rate of transport for the target molecule; what is this?

A

competition

71
Q

_____ a competitive inhibitor that binds to the GLUT transporter but is not itself carried across the membrane (takes binding site cause loss of function for carrier protein)

A

maltose

72
Q

transport can reach a maximum rate when all binding sites are ___

A

saturated

73
Q

cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator allows what to pass through

A

Cl-

74
Q

the cl- in cystic fibrosis do not get moved into the cell, so Na+ and water will not follow into the cell. The mucus will build up on the cilia because of it

A
75
Q

endocytosis is referred to as, creates a ___ and is non selective

A

cell drinking, vesicle

76
Q

endocytosis that is selective and uses a ligand and receptor

A

receptor mediated endocytosis

77
Q

The secretory vesicles contain v-SNAREs which will associate with t-SNAREs on the target ______.

A

membrane

78
Q

changes in membrane potential (cell-cell communication)

A

electrical signal

79
Q

membrane potentials can be both within a cell or from ____ - ____

A

cell - cell

80
Q

secretion of chemicals into ECF (hormones, insulin) ; paracrine and autocrine agents

A

chemical signals

81
Q

contact dependent signals, gap junctions

A

local communication

82
Q

cell membrane surface molecules use cell ____ molecules

A

adhesion

83
Q

gap junctions do both electrical signals and chemical signals, if a ___ forms between two cells it can go directly through from one cell to another

A

connexion

84
Q

(local communication) secreting cell is a target cell

A

autocrine

85
Q

(local communication) other cells are target cells

A

paracrine

86
Q

(long distance communication) two big systems

A

endocrine and nervous

87
Q

neurotransmitters are signal molecules called

A

neurocrine

88
Q

impacts what happens at axon that released it; type of NT

A

neuromodulator

89
Q

go into bloodstream when they are released; type of NT

A

neurohormone

90
Q

class of regulatory proteins not hormones

A

cytokines

91
Q

cytokines are made on demand by ____ cells

A

nucleated (need DNA to make these)

92
Q

cytokines do ____ and long distance signals

A

local

93
Q

what pathway causes a metabolic response inside the cell

A

metabotropic

94
Q

the signaling molecule (ligand) in metabotropic is called a ____ to a receptor. This first process is called

A

first messenger, reception

95
Q

what is this second step called of metabotropic signaling?

using a 2nd messenger (signal amplification) often the activation is due to phosphorylation by kinase

A

transduction

96
Q

the last step of metabotropic signaling is an affected target ____

A

protein

97
Q

The goal of metabotropic signaling is to alter or activate ___ within a cell to get a response

A

proteins

98
Q

a kinase that is part of the receptor protein, integral protein

A

intrinsic kinase

99
Q

____ kinase phosphorylates protein within the cell, causes ATP to transfer a phosphate to a protein (metabotropic)

A

tyrosine

100
Q

receptor protein linked to _ protein, in g- protein metabotropic pathway

A

G

101
Q

G protein has two functions, what are they?

A

open membrane ion channel, alter enzyme function in the cytosol

102
Q

alter structure of cytoskeleton, activate intracellular enzymes (metabotropic)

A

integrins

103
Q

rapid response, short term pathway

A

ionotropic

104
Q

ionotropic is a ____ gated ion channel, entrance of ions alters cell acitivity and _____ potential

A

ligand, membrane

105
Q

____ activates v snare proteins

A

Ca 2+

106
Q

internal receptors/ signal pathway are called

A

nuclear signal

107
Q

signal pathway has a slower response but longer term and may be amplified

A

nucleur

108
Q

nuclear has two phases, reception and response. The messenger should be ____ or ____

A

hydrophobic or lipophillic (usually a hormone)

109
Q

what is the response of nuclear pathway

A

target transcription factors for protein synthesis

110
Q

different receptor ____ elicit different responses with the same ligand

A

isoforms

111
Q

alpha adrenergic receptor with epinephrine there is? but with beta adrenergic receptor with epinephrine there is ?

A

vasoconstriction (alpha)
vasodilation (beta)

112
Q

4 ways to terminate signal pathway

A

enzymatic hydrolysis, diffusion, re-uptake, endocytosis of the receptor

Physiology (19 decks)

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