Ch.11 Flashcards
a diffuse endocrine system is characterized by
individual cells that act as endocrine (digestive)
neurosecretion of hormones happens in hypothalamus and regulate release of
traditional hormones
what are the two growth factors (growth factors are local)
cell division and growth
cytokines are too ____ and local to be considered hormone
variable
conversion of signal to action and involves amplification, these are charac. of what
hormone action
endocrine is long term and slower than
nervous
enzymes are most common way to break down and get rid of
hormones
bound hormones are degraded by
endocytosis in lysosomes
lipophilic hormones have ____ enxymes to be broken down
intracellular
stimulus, sensor, action potential, release of NT to target cell, response
simple neural reflex
activate endocrine, releases, hormone, travels through blood stream, target cell, response
simple endocrine
activate neuron, releases neurohormone, travels bloodstream, target cell, response
neural endocrine reflex
start with nervous system which releases NT or neurohormones, can from there go to target cell or into bloodstream (can act on many endocrine glands) always finishes with endocrine
complex neuroendocrine
most hormones are a type of ___, produced by protein synthesis
protein or peptide
protein hormones are almost always hydro____; short half life
philic (easy to transport)
steroid hormones all come from
cholesterol
adrenal cortex of adrenal gland and testis and ovaries have a lot of what type of hormones
steroid hormones
steroid hormones have a ___ half life than. protein and are hydrop___ (typically have genomic function)
longer, phobc
what are the amine hormones
tryptophan and tyrosine
tyrosine has catecholamines, what are they; what is tyrosines not catecholamine group
dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine; thyroid
tryptophan releases
melatonin
the thryoid hormone has what two hormones
T3 and T4
t3 is the ___ form
functional
a target cell must have a ____ to function
receptor
parathyroid is permissive for
vitamin D (will not work on its own)
thyroid hormone is permissive for ____ hormones
reproductive
two hormones can be either ____ or ____
synergists or antagonists
competitive inhibitors and functional antagonists are examples of
antagonists
two hormones that have counteracting effects
fucntional antagonist
tamoxifen blocking the receptor for estrogen is an example of
competitive inhibitors
insulin tells you to lower blood glucose while glucagin does the opposite they are
functional antagonists
preprohormone that is proteolytic cleaved into a
prohormone
any water soluble homrones are ___ hormones; makes them very easy to clear from body
free
fat soluble proteins are bound to ____ ____; cleared less easily
carrier proteins
bound proteins can’t get out of bloodstream to activate ____
target
functional hormone is dependent on how much free hormone there is (true or false)
true
3 subunites of G protein coupled receptors
adenylate cyclase, phospholipase C, cyclic AMP
kinase adds what to protein
phosphate
the master gland is the
hypothalamus
hypothalamus produces
vasopressin (ADH) and oxytocin (can also be a NT)
the hormones produced from the hypothalamus go down to the _____ into a capillary bed
infundibulum
the hormones that are produced in the hypothalamus that are released in the anterior pituitary are called ____ ___
releasing hormones (they stimulate anterior pituitary)
the hypophyseal portal system makes communication between what two structures effecient
hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
dopamine and stomatostatin are -____
inhibitory
the primary gland gives you the hormone (effector hormone) that impacts the
target cell
the secondary hormone is called the
tropic hormone
a long loop is from the __ to the hypothalamus/pituitary
1°
short loop feedback is from ____ to hypothalamus
pituitary (3°)
often associated with tumors, increasing activity of the glands
hypersecretion
outside source including medications which reduces 1° gland and may cause atrophy
exogenous
may be gland malfunction or lack of nutrients, can be caused by reduced responsiveness
hyposecretion
what secretes growth hormone (fluctuates release)
anterior pituitary
hyposecretion of GH causes
dwarfism
hypersecretion of GH causes
before puberty:
after puberty:
gigantism
acromegaly
what hormone is synergistic with GH
thyroid (important for fetus)
what hormone is permissive for GH
insulin
higher cortisol can lower what other hormone
GH
TRH is secreted by __ ___
anterior pituitary
to make thyroid follicles there is a Na/I symport whihc is ___ active transport
secondary
thyroid follicles exocytosis in lumen and get attached to peptide chain with ____
iodine (T3 or T4; depending on number of iodide)
T3 and T4 have to be ___
bound
T4 has to be taken into target cell and coverted into
T3
T3 and T4 have metabolic actions, in children it does protein ___ but in adults it does protein ___
catabolsim, anabolism
hyperthyroidism is characterized by
weight loss and weakeness, goiter, heat intolerant, higher O2 consumption
autoimmune disease, where immune antibodies are almosy identical to TSH and they activate the thyroid stimulating hormone causes hyperthyroidism. What is this disease?
Graves
hypothalamus–> ant. pit. —> thyroid gland
TRH —> TSH —> ?
T3 and T4
dopamine is released from ____
hypothalamus
the CRH (corticotropin release hormone) is released from where
hypothalamus
from CRH the anterior pituitary can release adrenocorticotopic hormone which can release from the adrenal cortex what three hormones
androgens, aldosterone, and cortisol
anabolic sterioids from adrenal cortex; important in sex development (play a big role in women and men)
androgens
a glucocorticoid from adrenal cortex; stress hormone
cortisol
cotisol is necessary for many functions, what are they?
making proteins, protect against hypoglycemia, suppresses overreaction of the immune system, brain function
autoimmune destruction of the adrenal gland, lowers corstisol, aldosterone and androgens
addisons disease
any form of hypercortisolism (primary issue)
cushings syndrome
hypersecretion of anterior pituitary secretion of ACTH (2°)
cushings disease
iatrogenic means
physician caused
the gonadotropic (GnRH) is released from the and the anterior pituitary releases
hypothalamus; leuteinizing hormone (LH)
the parathyroid hormone (PTH) is released by, whats its function
parathyroid; maintains Ca++ (brak down bown, renal reabsoption, vitamin D activation)
hypocalcemia (parathyroid problem) complications
osteoporosis, lowered cell signaling, compromised tight junctions, coagulation, neuron excitability increased
hypercalcemia (parathyroid issue) causes
lowered excitability of neurons
the pancreas produces and releases what hormones
insulin, glucagon
insulin binds tyrosine kinase; which tells the cell to take a vesicle with ______ transporters onto membrane (brings in glucose) and then it activates ____ ___
glut-4 ; protein synthesis
in the liver and skeltal muscle insulin function
glycogen production
in adipose tissue insulin function is
lipid production and storage
if there is no insulin
GLUT-4 is taken back in and protein synthesis is stopped
glucagon imapcts what organ
liver (cause it stores glycogen)
glucagon functions in liver
glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis (makes new glucose for body) , production of ketone bodies from fatty acids (for nervous system)
adipose tissue is an ___ ___; it regulates metabolism, body weight, inflammation
endocrine gland
the heart and atrium is an ___ __; allows your body to regulate blood pressure
endocrine gland
pineal gland makes and releases
melatonin
two types of amine hormones
tryptophan and tyrosine
