Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology > Ch.11 > Flashcards

Ch.11 Flashcards

1
Q

a diffuse endocrine system is characterized by

A

individual cells that act as endocrine (digestive)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

neurosecretion of hormones happens in hypothalamus and regulate release of

A

traditional hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the two growth factors (growth factors are local)

A

cell division and growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

cytokines are too ____ and local to be considered hormone

A

variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

conversion of signal to action and involves amplification, these are charac. of what

A

hormone action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

endocrine is long term and slower than

A

nervous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

enzymes are most common way to break down and get rid of

A

hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

bound hormones are degraded by

A

endocytosis in lysosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

lipophilic hormones have ____ enxymes to be broken down

A

intracellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

stimulus, sensor, action potential, release of NT to target cell, response

A

simple neural reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

activate endocrine, releases, hormone, travels through blood stream, target cell, response

A

simple endocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

activate neuron, releases neurohormone, travels bloodstream, target cell, response

A

neural endocrine reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

start with nervous system which releases NT or neurohormones, can from there go to target cell or into bloodstream (can act on many endocrine glands) always finishes with endocrine

A

complex neuroendocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

most hormones are a type of ___, produced by protein synthesis

A

protein or peptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

protein hormones are almost always hydro____; short half life

A

philic (easy to transport)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

steroid hormones all come from

A

cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

adrenal cortex of adrenal gland and testis and ovaries have a lot of what type of hormones

A

steroid hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

steroid hormones have a ___ half life than. protein and are hydrop___ (typically have genomic function)

A

longer, phobc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the amine hormones

A

tryptophan and tyrosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

tyrosine has catecholamines, what are they; what is tyrosines not catecholamine group

A

dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine; thyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

tryptophan releases

A

melatonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

the thryoid hormone has what two hormones

A

T3 and T4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

t3 is the ___ form

A

functional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

a target cell must have a ____ to function

A

receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

parathyroid is permissive for

A

vitamin D (will not work on its own)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

thyroid hormone is permissive for ____ hormones

A

reproductive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

two hormones can be either ____ or ____

A

synergists or antagonists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

competitive inhibitors and functional antagonists are examples of

A

antagonists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

two hormones that have counteracting effects

A

fucntional antagonist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

tamoxifen blocking the receptor for estrogen is an example of

A

competitive inhibitors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

insulin tells you to lower blood glucose while glucagin does the opposite they are

A

functional antagonists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

preprohormone that is proteolytic cleaved into a

A

prohormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

any water soluble homrones are ___ hormones; makes them very easy to clear from body

A

free

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

fat soluble proteins are bound to ____ ____; cleared less easily

A

carrier proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

bound proteins can’t get out of bloodstream to activate ____

A

target

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

functional hormone is dependent on how much free hormone there is (true or false)

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

3 subunites of G protein coupled receptors

A

adenylate cyclase, phospholipase C, cyclic AMP

38
Q

kinase adds what to protein

A

phosphate

39
Q

the master gland is the

A

hypothalamus

40
Q

hypothalamus produces

A

vasopressin (ADH) and oxytocin (can also be a NT)

41
Q

the hormones produced from the hypothalamus go down to the _____ into a capillary bed

A

infundibulum

42
Q

the hormones that are produced in the hypothalamus that are released in the anterior pituitary are called ____ ___

A

releasing hormones (they stimulate anterior pituitary)

42
Q

the hypophyseal portal system makes communication between what two structures effecient

A

hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

43
Q

dopamine and stomatostatin are -____

A

inhibitory

44
Q

the primary gland gives you the hormone (effector hormone) that impacts the

A

target cell

45
Q

the secondary hormone is called the

A

tropic hormone

46
Q

a long loop is from the __ to the hypothalamus/pituitary

A

1°

47
Q

short loop feedback is from ____ to hypothalamus

A

pituitary (3°)

48
Q

often associated with tumors, increasing activity of the glands

A

hypersecretion

49
Q

outside source including medications which reduces 1° gland and may cause atrophy

A

exogenous

50
Q

may be gland malfunction or lack of nutrients, can be caused by reduced responsiveness

A

hyposecretion

51
Q

what secretes growth hormone (fluctuates release)

A

anterior pituitary

52
Q

hyposecretion of GH causes

A

dwarfism

53
Q

hypersecretion of GH causes
before puberty:
after puberty:

A

gigantism
acromegaly

54
Q

what hormone is synergistic with GH

A

thyroid (important for fetus)

55
Q

what hormone is permissive for GH

A

insulin

56
Q

higher cortisol can lower what other hormone

A

GH

57
Q

TRH is secreted by __ ___

A

anterior pituitary

58
Q

to make thyroid follicles there is a Na/I symport whihc is ___ active transport

A

secondary

59
Q

thyroid follicles exocytosis in lumen and get attached to peptide chain with ____

A

iodine (T3 or T4; depending on number of iodide)

60
Q

T3 and T4 have to be ___

A

bound

61
Q

T4 has to be taken into target cell and coverted into

A

T3

62
Q

T3 and T4 have metabolic actions, in children it does protein ___ but in adults it does protein ___

A

catabolsim, anabolism

63
Q

hyperthyroidism is characterized by

A

weight loss and weakeness, goiter, heat intolerant, higher O2 consumption

64
Q

autoimmune disease, where immune antibodies are almosy identical to TSH and they activate the thyroid stimulating hormone causes hyperthyroidism. What is this disease?

A

Graves

65
Q

hypothalamus–> ant. pit. —> thyroid gland

TRH —> TSH —> ?

A

T3 and T4

66
Q

dopamine is released from ____

A

hypothalamus

67
Q

the CRH (corticotropin release hormone) is released from where

A

hypothalamus

68
Q

from CRH the anterior pituitary can release adrenocorticotopic hormone which can release from the adrenal cortex what three hormones

A

androgens, aldosterone, and cortisol

69
Q

anabolic sterioids from adrenal cortex; important in sex development (play a big role in women and men)

A

androgens

70
Q

a glucocorticoid from adrenal cortex; stress hormone

A

cortisol

71
Q

cotisol is necessary for many functions, what are they?

A

making proteins, protect against hypoglycemia, suppresses overreaction of the immune system, brain function

72
Q

autoimmune destruction of the adrenal gland, lowers corstisol, aldosterone and androgens

A

addisons disease

73
Q

any form of hypercortisolism (primary issue)

A

cushings syndrome

74
Q

hypersecretion of anterior pituitary secretion of ACTH (2°)

A

cushings disease

75
Q

iatrogenic means

A

physician caused

76
Q

the gonadotropic (GnRH) is released from the and the anterior pituitary releases

A

hypothalamus; leuteinizing hormone (LH)

77
Q

the parathyroid hormone (PTH) is released by, whats its function

A

parathyroid; maintains Ca++ (brak down bown, renal reabsoption, vitamin D activation)

78
Q

hypocalcemia (parathyroid problem) complications

A

osteoporosis, lowered cell signaling, compromised tight junctions, coagulation, neuron excitability increased

79
Q

hypercalcemia (parathyroid issue) causes

A

lowered excitability of neurons

80
Q

the pancreas produces and releases what hormones

A

insulin, glucagon

81
Q

insulin binds tyrosine kinase; which tells the cell to take a vesicle with ______ transporters onto membrane (brings in glucose) and then it activates ____ ___

A

glut-4 ; protein synthesis

82
Q

in the liver and skeltal muscle insulin function

A

glycogen production

83
Q

in adipose tissue insulin function is

A

lipid production and storage

84
Q

if there is no insulin

A

GLUT-4 is taken back in and protein synthesis is stopped

85
Q

glucagon imapcts what organ

A

liver (cause it stores glycogen)

86
Q

glucagon functions in liver

A

glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis (makes new glucose for body) , production of ketone bodies from fatty acids (for nervous system)

87
Q

adipose tissue is an ___ ___; it regulates metabolism, body weight, inflammation

A

endocrine gland

88
Q

the heart and atrium is an ___ __; allows your body to regulate blood pressure

A

endocrine gland

89
Q

pineal gland makes and releases

A

melatonin

90
Q

two types of amine hormones

A

tryptophan and tyrosine

Physiology (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions