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Physiology > Ch. 4 > Flashcards

Ch. 4 Flashcards

1
Q

opposite charges ___, like charges ___

A

attract, repel

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2
Q

overall the bodies charge is

A

neutral

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3
Q

calcium, chloride and sodium are higher concentration inside or outside?

A

outside

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4
Q

the bigger the difference between concentration inside and outside makes a larger _____

A

gradient

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5
Q

both sodium and potassium have pumps and ___ channels

A

leak (allow them to freely move)

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6
Q
A
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7
Q

potassium had permability of

A

1 (most permeable)

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8
Q

sodium has permability of

A

0.04

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9
Q

chloride has permability of

A

0.45

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10
Q

what is resting membrane potential

A

-70mV

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11
Q

when the cell is at rest voltage gated channels can act as ___ channels

A

leak

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12
Q

NT are made in the __ __ (nucleus, ER, golgi)

A

cell body

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13
Q

there are two types of axonal transport

A

slow and fast

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14
Q

the fast axonal transport uses _____ to deliver NT

A

anterograde

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15
Q

using fast axonal stransport vesicles are recycled via

A

retrograde transport

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16
Q

graded potential are triggered by information input from ____ neuron

A

outside

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17
Q

graded potentials happen where

A

dendrites and cell body

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18
Q

graded potential ions

A

Na+, K+ and Ca+ (usually sodium)

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19
Q

there are three possible effects on membrane potential from a graded potential

A

depolarizing, hyperpolarizing, repolarizing

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20
Q

for a _____ potential there is no minimum strength required to intiate

A

graded

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21
Q

with a graded potential the goal is to get to ____

A

threshold (-55mV)

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22
Q

two stimuli in close succession of time

A

temporal summation

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23
Q

stimuli are separated in space but at same time

A

spatial summation

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24
Q

EPSP of 30 and IPSP of 40, what is resting membrane potential

A

-80mV

25
Q

in ___ potentials it is local and only spreads within the neuron (not propogated) gets weaker over time

A

graded

26
Q

types of channels in action potential

A

voltage gated

27
Q

an ____ potential is only depolarizing

A

action

28
Q

action potentials only move in ___ direction

A

one; new action potential initiated in each segment of axon

29
Q

action potential: when the membrane is depolarizing what is moving into cell (30mV)

A

Na+ (EPSP)

30
Q

the voltage gated Na channels can have what confirmations

A

closed open inactive

31
Q

Sodium is following its chemical and electrical gradient when it ____ the cell

A

depolarizes

32
Q

the voltage gated K+ channels have two confirmations

A

open and closed

33
Q

in repolarization the sodium channel is, at resting it is

A

inactive, closed

34
Q

potassium doesnt open until _____ (slow) and stay open until hyperpolarization

A

overshoot

35
Q

until you reach threshold the graded potential channels are typically ____ gated

A

ligand

36
Q

the refractory periods have two functions

A

limit # of action potentials, one-way propagation

37
Q

An absolute refractory period means

A

there cannot be another action potential no matter what

38
Q

what does a relative refractory period mean

A

a larger than normal stimulus is needed to start action potential

39
Q

the larger the diameter of an axon the ___ the action potential

A

faster

40
Q

you only have voltage gated ion channels at the ___ ___ __

A

nodes of ranvier

41
Q

electrical synapse are a ____ transfer of charge because of __ ___

A

direct, gap junction

42
Q

electrical synapse has unirdirectional or bidirectional synapse

A

bidirectional

43
Q

chemical synapse is an ___ transfer of action potential using what and are unidirectional

A

indirect, neurotransmitter

44
Q

a ___ has a direct effect on signal transmission and can be excitatory or inhibitory

A

NT

45
Q

receptor that is ligand gated, fast and ion specific

A

ionotropic

46
Q

receptor that is slow and g-protein coupled

A

metabotropic

47
Q

the active zone of an axon terminal has what (preynaptic cell)

A

synaptic neurotransmitter vesicles and voltage gated Ca+ channels

48
Q

the more ___ you let in the more NT you let out at presynaptic cell

A

calcium

49
Q

the postsynaptic cell has

A

NT receptors and breakdown enzymes

50
Q

the NT can be removed how

A

uptake, diffusion away from cleft, chemically inactivated

51
Q

monoamine oxidase is an enzyme that breaks down what

A

monoamine

52
Q

what are modifications that can be done at the synapse

A

amount of Ca in cell, neurotransmitter production, global or general inhibition: IPSP, and selective inhibition

53
Q

global inhibition means

A

shut down whole neuron

54
Q

selective inhibition

A

there is axoaxonic synapse that is blocking one of the targets

55
Q

what toxin blocks NT release (inhibits SNARE) to inhibitory neurons, causes severe muscle contractions

A

clostridium tetani

56
Q

blocks NT release to excitatory neurons, reduces muscle contractions

A

clostridium botulinum

57
Q

disease binds to ACh receptors but doesn’t open ion channels, decrease muscle action

A

curare

58
Q

inactive Ache; continued presence of Ach and loss of sensitivity

A

nerve gas

Physiology (19 decks)

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