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1st Year Med > Special Senses > Flashcards

Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

what is the structure and function of the sclera of the eye?

A

white of the eye covered by bulbar conjunctive
formed from fibrous and elastic tissue
allows contraction of eye, load bearing and maintains refractive status with the cornea

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2
Q

what is the iris of the eye?

A

smooth muscle structure controlling pupil diameter

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3
Q

what 2 muscles control the pupil diameter?

A

sphincter papillae (constriction)
dilator papillae (dilation)

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4
Q

why is the cornea of the eye most used for transplants?

A

it’s avascular so it’s less likely to reject new tissue

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5
Q

explain the outcome of the optic nerve when brain pressure increases

A

pressure travels along the optic nerve causing bulging of optic disk (papilloedema)

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6
Q

what is keratoconus?

A

thinning of the cornea causing a cone shaped cornea and vision blurring

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7
Q

what happens in the anterior and posterior chamber of the eye?

A

produces humerus fluid and circulates it between anterior and posterior to maintain eye pressure

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8
Q

explain the function of the lens of the eye

A

helps focus visual info to the back of the retina

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9
Q

describe the composition of the vitreous chamber

A

contains vitreous humour, a gel like structure
contains phagocytes to remove cell debris
composed of water/electrolytes
no blood vessels

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10
Q

explain the function of the retina

A

interpretates black and white vision (rods) and coloured vision (cones)

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11
Q

explain the journey of the impulses of vision from eye to brain

A

optic nerve -> optic chiasm -> optic tract -> radiation -> occipital lobe of brain

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12
Q

where does tear production occur?

A

lacrimal gland

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13
Q

what are the functions of tears?

A

lubricates movement
removes debris (washed across eye from lateral to medial)

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14
Q

what are the 7 bones of the orbit?

A

frontal, sphenoid, zygomatic, palatine, ethmoid, lacrimal, maxilla

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15
Q

what are the 3 sinal cavities?

A

orbital, nasal and oral cavities

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16
Q

what are the 4 types of paranasal sinuses?

A

maxillary (under eyes)
frontal (forehead)
ethmoid/sphenoid (posterior to nose)

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17
Q

what is the function of sinuses?

A

mucous circulation
contributes to sound resonance
reduces skull weight

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18
Q

what is the function of extraocular muscles?

A

repsonsible for movement of the eye structures

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19
Q

name the 7 extraocular muscles and which cranial nerve innervates it

A

levator palpebrae superioris (CN3)
superior rectus (CN3)
inferior rectus (CN3)
medial rectus (CN3)
lateral rectus (CN6)
superior oblique (CN4)
inferior oblique (CN3)

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20
Q

what is the function of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle?

A

keeping upper eyelid open

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21
Q

what is the function of the medial and lateral rectus muscles?

A

medial - adducts eyeball (towards nose)
lateral - abducts eyeball (away from nose)

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22
Q

what is the function of the superior/inferior rectus muscles?

A

superior - elevation of eyeball (up/towards nose)
inferior - depression of eyeball (down/towards nose)

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23
Q

what is the function of the superior/inferior oblique muscles?

A

superior - depression of eyeball (down/away from nose)
inferior - elevation of eyeball (up/away from nose)

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24
Q

how does the nose control the features of the air entering?

A

rich/superficial blood supply to warm air
mucous provides moisture to air
mucous and hair traps patricles to filter air

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25
Q

what is the purpose of the olfactory nerve?

A

converts chemical energy to electrical energy
located in superior surface of nasal cavity

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26
Q

what are the folds in the nasal cavity called and what is their function?

A

conchae - increase surface area and increase chance of olfactory exposure

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27
Q

name 2 unusual characteristics of the tongue muscle

A

boneless
contains both intrinsic and extrinsic muscle

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28
Q

what are the 2 parts of the tongue?

A

oral - at front
pharyngeal - at back

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29
Q

what are the sublingual glands?

A

salivary glands producing mucous like secretion

30
Q

name the 2 surfaces within the mouth

A

buccal - cheek
lingual - inner gums

31
Q

what is the muscle at the bottom of the mouth?

A

mylohyoid muscle

32
Q

name the 6 structures of the tongue

A

foramen caecum
terminal sulcus
foliate papillae
fungiform papillae
vallate papillae
filiform papillae

33
Q

name the nerve innervating the front 2/3 of the tongue and the 2 nerve branches which combine to form it

A

lingual nerve
formed from chorda tympani (from CN7) and 3rd branch of CN5

34
Q

what functions do cranial nerves 9 and 12 have in the back 1/3 of the tongue

A

CN9 carries taste and sensation
CN12 allows motor control

35
Q

what strucures are found in the external ear?

A

ear drum/tympanic membrane

36
Q

what structures are present in the middle ear?

A

malleus/incus/stapes bones
oval window

37
Q

what features are found in the inner ear?

A

semicircular canal
cochlear

38
Q

what cranial nerves are found in the internal acoustic meatus’?

A

CN7 and CN8

39
Q

what are the 2 portions of the temporal bone?

A

petrous and squamous

40
Q

what is the function of the ossicles?

A

transmit vibrations through middle ear

41
Q

what is found in the lateral wall of the middle ear?

A

tympanic membrane (ear drum)

42
Q

what is found in the medial wall of the middle ear?

A

vestibular window - opening into vestibule of inner ear, closed by stapes base
cochlear window - opening into cochlear portion of inner ear

43
Q

what is the function of the cochlea?

A

sound amplification, conversion from vibration to electrical signal, signal transferred through CN8

44
Q

what is the function of the semicircular canals?

A

balance, innervated by CN8 (vestibular part)

45
Q

what does the auditory (eustachian) tube do?

A

links middle ear with pharynx to maintain pressure

46
Q

explain sound waves

A

vibration of a medium
spreads out as a pressure wave

47
Q

name the measurements for different aspects of sound

A

frequency - hertz
intensity (loudness) - decibels

48
Q

name the basic structures in each section of the ear

A

outer - pinna, canal
middle - tympanic membrane, ossicles
inner - cochlea, vestibules

49
Q

what is the function of the pinna?

A

amplifies & filters incoming sounds (directional dependant)

50
Q

how does the middle ear overcome impedance mismatch?

A

collects sound over large area (tympanic membrane)
converts air vibration into bone vibration (dense)
concentrates energy onto small area (oval window)
uses bone as piston to transfer energy in fluid

51
Q

what is the main advantage of a 3 ossicle system?

A

increased high frequency range

52
Q

what are the 2 protective muscles of the middle ear?

A

stapedius reflex and tensor tympani

53
Q

when does the eustachian tube open?

A

during swallowing and valsalva (ear popping)

54
Q

name some reasons for conductive hearing loss

A

canal - wax, foreign body
tympanic membrane - perforation
ossicles - congenital fusion, infection damage
middle ear - fluid instead of air

55
Q

what structural feature of the ear allows amplification?

A

the tympanic membrane being much larger than oval window

56
Q

how do vibrations enter the cochlea?

A

oval window faces into vestibule
vestibule contains sensory epithelia for saccule/utricle
vestibule leads into scala vestibuli (upper cochlear duct)

57
Q

explain the structure of the organ of corti

A

sits on basilar membrane, connected to auditory nerve fibres, contains spiral ganglion

58
Q

how does the basilar membrane contribute to frequency analysis?

A

stiff and light at one end but flexible and heavy at another end

59
Q

explain the hair cell structure in the cochlea

A

hair cells of epithelial origin (resembling stomach cells)
stereocilia form bundles at atypical pole of hair cell
arranged from shortest to tallest

60
Q

explain how stereocilia contribute to membrane polarisation

A

if stereocilia pushes towards tallest hair cells -> depolarisation and K+ channels open into endolymph
vice versa

61
Q

what do inner hair cells do?

A

turn vibrations into neural signals

62
Q

name some things that in the inner ear that can cause hearing loss

A

loss of inner hair cells (no signal to brain)
loss of outer hair cells (basilar vibration impaired)

63
Q

what fluid is contained in the scala media and what is unique about it?

A

endolymph - high potassium and low sodium

64
Q

what fluid is contained in the scala vestibuli/tympani?

A

perilymph

65
Q

what is the function of the stria vascularis?

A

regulates ionic and metabolic functions of scala media

66
Q

how do outer hair cells (OHCs) amplify vibration?

A

when stimulated (basilar membrane movement) they change shape/stiffness
feeding energy into BM which acts as an amplifier (increases BM total vibration)

67
Q

how does the nose conduct quiet breathing?

A

laminar airflow over the inferior turbinate

68
Q

what does sniffing do in terms of odorants?

A

mixes air and sends odorants towards roof of nose towards olfactory receptors

69
Q

explain the function of odorants being detected by olfactory receptors

A

odorant molecules dissolved in nasal mucous which is then detected by rhodopsin

70
Q

what feature of odorants and receptors have that allows smell identification?

A

odorants can stimulate more than one receptor and receptors can respond to more than 1 odorant

71
Q

where does the olfactory nerve project to?

A

amygdala, hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus

72
Q

what surgeries can loss of taste be a side effect of?

A

ear/salivary gland surgeries

1st Year Med (52 decks)

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