Skeleton Anatomy/Bones Flashcards
Explain the general structure of bone
made of osteons (haversian system)
30% organic (type 1 collagen)
70% inorganic (calcium/phosphate salts)
what cells are involved in bone remodelling?
osteoblasts - build up new bone
osteoclasts - break down old bone
explain how rickets is caused by abnormal bone structure
vitamin D deficiency (required for calcium absorption)
bones become overly flexible lacking mineral content
explain how osteogenesis imperfecta is linked to abnormal bone structure
genetic condition where collagen production is affected
bones are brittle and fracture easily
name the the general structure of a typical bone
long tube-like diapysis, strong and flexible, mostly compact bone
2 epiphyses, articular surfaces for joints, spongy bone compact on surface
epiphyseal growth plate, separates diaphysis and epiphyses, growth site, once growth complete the plate ossifies (epiphyseal line)
explain the outer/inner structure layers of bones
periosteum - covers outer surface of bone, tendon site of attachment
endosteum - lines internal surfaces of cavities within bones
what are the 5 classifications of bone shape? and name an example for each
- long (long diapysis = shaft), e.g femur
- short (similar width/length) e.g wrist/ankle bones
- flat bones (thin, flat, usually curved) e.g skull, ribs
- irregular (dont fit in any category) e.g vertebrae, facial bones
- sesamoid (small, round bones embedded in tendons, protects tendon and increases movement) e.g patella
name the 3 main joints bones are connected by
fibrous (sutures)
cartilaginous (IVDs)
synovial ‘true’ joints (humerus)
describe the axial skeleton bones
skull (22 bones)
vertebral column (~33 bones)
ribs (12 pairs)
sternum
name the bones of the appendicular skeleton
pectoral/pelvic girdle
arm/hand bones
leg/foot bones
describe the 2 skull regions of bones
vicerocranium (facial skeleton) = 14 bones
neurocranium (surrounding brain) = 8 bones
explain the groups of bones in the vertebral column
cervical (7) - small, relatively mobile, susceptible to dislocation
thoracic (12) - articulate with ribs, long processes for muscle attachment
lumbar (5) - largest body, susceptible to herniated IVDs
sacrum (5 fused) - vertebrae fused, articulates with hip bones
coccyx (~4 fused) - tailbone, susceptible to fracture
explain the girdles of the appendicular bones
girdles - attach limbs to body
pectoral girdle - clavicle and scapula, clavicle only bone connecting upper limb to axial skeleton, facilitates movement
pelvic girdle - innominates (unarmed), made of the ilium, ischium and pubis, provides stability (transfers weight to limbs), protects pelvic organs, different shape in males and females
explain the bones in the upper limb
arm - humerus
forearm - radius and ulna
wrist - carpals (8)
hand - metacarpals (5) and phalanges (14)
explain the bones in the lower limbs
thigh - femur
knee - patella
leg - tibia and fibula
ankle - tarsals (7)
foot - metatarsals (5) and plalanges (14)
what are bone markings? name and explain them
roughened ridges/grooves relating to structures associated with bones
condyles/epicondyles (form joint surfaces/attach muscles)
crest/line (ridges where muscles attach)
facet (forms joint surfaces)
foramen/notch (hole or notch where vessels pass through)
fossa (dip/curve where muscles sit)
process/protuberance/spine (bumps in bone)
explain the anatomy and function of the sternum and ribs
surround and protect thoracic organs (thoracic cage) and important role in respiration
flexibility provided by costal cartilages anteriorly
