Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
what is a joint?
place where 2 or more bones make contact (articulation)
explain the 3 types of joints and the classifications of each
fibrous - bones joint by dense fibrous connective tissue (e.g sutures)
cartilaginous - bones joint by cartilage (IVDs)
synovial - bones not directly joined, allows movement - limited by shape of synovial joint (e.g shoulder joint)
what 3 categories can joints be classified into based on their function?
synathrosis - no movement (sutures)
amphiarthrosis - little movement (distal tibiofibular, pubic symphysis)
diarthrosis - free movement (synovial joints)
explain the structure of synovial joints
articular surfaces are lined by articular cartilage, providing protection to joint surface
joint capsule around joint lined by synovial membrane, excreting synovial fluid providing lubricant and friction protection
ligaments outside joint with collagen connecting bone to bone
what are the 3 shapes of synovial joints
uniaxial - one way movement (pivot, hinge, plane) e.g elbow
biaxial - 2 way movement (condyloid, saddle) e.g carpometacarpal
muntiaxial - multi-direction movement (ball & socket) e.g hip
explain how osteoarthritis can occur through joint abnormalities
overusage of joints
damage in articular cartilage at each end of bone surfaces cause wearing down meaning osteophytes can form from bone overgrowths
weight distribution changes
trauma/injury
what are the 3 types of muscle and where are they found?
skeletal (voluntary) - MSK
cardiac (involuntary) - heart
smooth (involuntary) - blood vessels, viscera
what are the functions of the muscular system?
locomotion, stability, posture, protection, respiration (skeletal)
circulation, digestion, urination, vision (smooth/skeletal)
describe skeletal muscle structure
consist of muscle fibres bundles (muscle cells)
muscle fibres grouped into muscle fascicles (grouped, forming one or more heads/bellies)
connected to bone or other structures (using tendons or aponeurosis)
relate muscle function to its structure
movement range depends on fibre length (muscles contract 30% of their length)
muscle strength depends on fibre numbers
describe the 6 classifications of skeletal muscle
flat - parallel fibres with an aponeurosis
pennate - feather-like
fusiform - spindle shaped with round, thick belly and tapered ends
convergent - arise from broad area and converge to form a single tendon
quadrate - four equal sides
circular - surround body opening or orifice
what are the functions of the vertebral column?
support, movement, protection
what features do a typical vertebra have and what is their function?
vertebral body - for weight transfer, IVDs between
vertebral arch - forms vertebral foramen, surrounds and protects spinal cord
what is the pedicle of the vertebra?
the foot of the arch
what is the transverse process in the vertebra?
a muscle/ligament attachment (ribs in thorax)
what is the lamina of the vertebra?
the lateral and posterior part of the arch
what is the spinous process of the vertebra?
a posterior muscle or ligament attachment
what do the superior/inferior articular processes form in the vertebrae?
joint formations
what do the superior/inferior vertebral notches form in the vertebrae?
forms intervertebral foramen (for spinal nerves)
compare the movement levels of each segment in the vertebral column
cervical - most mobile
thoracic - least mobile for extention/flexion/lateral bending
lumbar - least rotation
what are the 2 types of vertebral joints, and what kind of joint are they?
zygapophyseal (facet) joints - synovial/plane joints
symphysis (IVD) joints - secondary cartilaginous joints
what 6 joints does a typical vertebra form?
4 zygapophyseal
2 IVD
what do the IVDs form in the vertebral column?
forms the fibrocartilagenous joints of the vertebral bodies