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1st Year Med > Heart Anatomy > Flashcards

Heart Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

name the layers of the heart from deep to superficial

A

endocardium
myocardium
fatty CT (contains coronary arteries/veins)
serous (visceral) pericardium
pericardial space
serous (parietal) pericardium
fibrous pericardium

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2
Q

what are the functions of the pericardium layers?

A

anchors heart to diaphragm
prevents overfilling of heart

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3
Q

what is the function of the pericardial space?

A

contains serous fluid to minimise friction between pericardium layers

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4
Q

name the 4 heart valves and what they connect

A

tricuspid: RA -> RV
pulmonary: RV -> pulmonary artery
mitral: LA -> LV
aortic: LV -> aorta

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5
Q

what are the branches of the aorta and where do they supply?

A

coronary arteries (heart muscle)

brachiocephalic trunk:
right common carotid (head/neck)
right subclavian (upper right limb)

left common carotid (head/neck)
left subclavian (left upper limb)

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6
Q

what is the function of the umbilical vein?

A

provides fetus with maternal blood

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7
Q

how is blood distributed to the fetus?

A

directly to liver (70%)
through ductus venosus to RA (30%)

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8
Q

what is the function of the foramen ovale?

A

allows fetal blood to move directly from RA to LA

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9
Q

what does the foramen ovale become in a developed heart?

A

fossa ovalis

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10
Q

what is the right atrial appendage and what can it be used for?

A

addition of the RA
can be used as pacemaker site

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11
Q

what are aortic sinuses and how many do we have?

A

dilatations above aortic valve (3)

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12
Q

what structures originate at the cristae terminalis?

A

the RA opening and pectinate muscles

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13
Q

what is the function of the musculi pectinati?

A

allows stretch to improve RA volume

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14
Q

why is the LV wall 3x as thick as the RV wall?

A

to pump blood into systemic circulation
(more force required than pumping blood only to lungs)

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15
Q

what are chordae tendinae and what is their function?

A

heart strings connecting to papillary muscle
prevents AV valves flipping back into atria during ventricular contraction

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16
Q

what are the semilunar heart valves and how do they differ in structure/function from other heart valves?

A

pulmonary and aortic valves

no chordae tendinae, they hold blood to prevent ventricular backflow

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17
Q

what coronary arteries originate from the left coronary artery?

A

circumflex
anterior interventricular

18
Q

what coronary arteries originate from the right coronary artery?

A

marginal artery
posterior interventricular artery

19
Q

what coronary veins stem from the coronary vein?

A

great
middle
small
anterior cardiac

20
Q

what are end arteries and what do they do?

A

only supply oxygenated blood to a specific portion of tissue
(e.g spleen, liver, penis, intestines)

21
Q

what happens to coronary arteries when they become end arteries?

A

collateral circulation development
(new vessel growth in area of new blood supply)

22
Q

what is the sinoatrial node and what is its function?

A

generates electrical signals
pacemaker of the heart

23
Q

where do the electrical signals travel through in the heart?

A

sinoatrial node -> atrioventricular node -> left/right bundles -> wall of left ventricle (or moderator band) -> interventricular septum

24
Q

what is the function of the moderator band? (septomarginal trabecula)

A

faster conduction times by allowing more rapid conduction across anterior papillary muscle

25
Q

what are purkinje fibres and what is their function?

A

specialised conducting fibres (bigger than cardiac myocytes)

creates synchronised contraction across ventricles to maintain regular HR

26
Q

what do purkinje fibres do to contribute to contribute to impulse spreading?

A

interdigitate with myocytes to spread impulse across ventricles
(excitation-contraction coupling)

27
Q

what do endothelial cells do in the heart?

A

line vessels/chambers
control local BP
prevent platelet aggregation
angiogenesis/vessel remodelling
permeability barrier for nutrients/fluid

28
Q

what structures can be seen on the anterior surface of the heart?

A

atrioventricular groove (coronary sulcus) between artia and ventricles
anterior interventricular artery (between ventricles)
auricle of LA

29
Q

what main structure can be seen on the posterior surface of the heart?

A

posterior interventricular artery (between ventricles)

30
Q

what structures are associated with fibrous pericardium?

A

attaches to diaphragm
open end fused with great vessels

31
Q

explain the structure of the cristae terminalis

A

a boundary in the RA
smooth wall (sinus venarum) posterior
rough wall (pectinate muscles) anterior

32
Q

what are trabeculae carneae?

A

muscular ridges in ventricle wall

33
Q

what do the inside of the heart contain and what is their function?

A

trabeculae - increase blood flow

34
Q

explain the draining of cardiac veins

A

most drain into coronary sinus (lies in atrioventricular groove posteriorly)

some small veins drain directly into RA

35
Q

explain the structure of the endocardium

A

endothelial layer (simple squamous)
underlying CT (smooth lining)
purkinje fibres and small vessels in CT

36
Q

explain the structure of the myocardium

A

thick layer with cardiac muscle cells (striated, branched, central nucleus)

cardiomyocytes contain intercalated discs (ID) which contain gap junctions (synchronising cell contractions)

37
Q

explain the structure of the epicardium

A

contains mesothelial cells (visceral serous pericardium) producing pericardial fluid

abundant adipose tissue and surrounds large coronary vessels/nerves

38
Q

explain the visual difference between cardiomyocytes and purkinje fibres

A

purkinje fibres appear paler due to less myofibrils

39
Q

name the muscle unit of the heart and key features in it

A

contractile unit
contains cardiomyocytes, mitochondria, nuclei, microfibril bundles and intercalated discs

40
Q

what do intercalated discs contain?

A

gap junctions, desmosomes, opposing plasma membrane

41
Q

is coronary arterial flow systolic or diastolic?

A

diastolic

42
Q

what chamber pressures correlate to vessel pressure?

A

BP - aortic pressure changes (high - systolic, low - diastolic)
JVP - atrial pressure changes

1st Year Med (52 decks)

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