Energy and Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

define metabolism?

A

the sum of all chemical reactions in which energy is made available and consumed in the body

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2
Q

what is energy used for in the body?

A

muscle contraction
movement of ions against conc. gradient
tissue building (biosynthesis)
waste disposal
heat generation/thermoregulation

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3
Q

when is delta G positive/negative?

A

positive - products more energy than substrate
negative - substrate more energy than products

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4
Q

what does exergonic and endergonic reactions mean?

A

exergonic - release energy in reactions
endergonic - require energy in reactions

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5
Q

what are the 3 molecular components of ATP?

A

phosphate groups, ribose and adenine

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6
Q

what happens in the first reaction of the TCA cycle?

A

acetyl CoA condenses with oxaloacetate to produce citrate

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7
Q

what are the 2 phases of the TCA cycle?

A

decarboxylating (citrate metabolised into succinyl CoA)
reductive (succinyl CoA to oxaloacetate)

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8
Q

what 2 molecules facilitate the movement of protons between radox centres?

A

coenzyme Q (from 1 -> 3)
cytochrome C (from 3 -> 4)

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9
Q

explain how much ATP is produced in the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation

A

1 ATP produced by substrate-level phosphorylation
2.5 ATP for each NADH oxidised
1.5 for each FADH oxidised

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10
Q

what is the equation for anaerobic glycolysis?

A

glucose + 2ADP + 2Pi -> 2 lactate + 2 ATP

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11
Q

what is pyruvate dehydrogenase?

A

the process of pyruvate being turned into acetyl CoA

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12
Q

how can fatty acids be turned into ATP?

A

released from triglyceride stores in adipose tissue by lipase
transported to blood as an albumin complex and taken up by cells for oxidation
modified and enter mitochondria
beta-oxidation leading to ATP production

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13
Q

what is used to turn fatty acids into fatty acyl CoA?

A

CoA + acyl CoA synthetase

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14
Q

what is the transporter of fatty acids to different parts of the cell?

A

carnitine shuttle

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15
Q

how does beta oxidation degrade fatty acids and generates ATP?

A

cleaves the fatty acid backbone using CoA to gain 8 acetyl CoA molecules
acetyl CoA enters TCA cycle
NADH/FADH enters ETC

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16
Q

what are the 2 reactions used in protein metabolism?

A

transamination and deamination

17
Q

how does transamination work?

A

takes amine group off amino acid and transfers it to keto acid
keto residue moves to amino acid in turn

18
Q

how does deamination work?

A

amine group removed from amino acid + ammonia removal in liver
ammonia removal causes amino acid backbone removal which can convert into glucose

19
Q

what do glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids form?

A

glucogenic - glucose (pyruvate/oxaloacetate)
ketogenic - fatty acids (acetyl CoA)

20
Q

where does the body provide energy in times of no food?

A

protein and fat (triglyceride in adipose tissue)

21
Q

what is basal energy expenditure?

A

the energy required to maintain basic functions when the person is lying down, relaxed and in a normal ambient temperature

22
Q

what are the general guidelines for BMI results?

A

under 20 = underweight
20-25 = healthy
25-30 = overweight
over 30 = obese

23
Q

what causes fatigue in terms of energy?

A

when energy expenditure exceeds energy consumption