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1st Year Med > Gastrointestinal System > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal System Flashcards

1
Q

what is the opening and terminal of the alimentary system?

A

opening - mouth
terminal - anal canal

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2
Q

what are the 2 roles of the digestion system?

A

digestion - processing food
absorption - nutrient transfer to circulation

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3
Q

what are the 2 groups of organs in the digestive system?

A

digestive tract
accessory organs - salivary glands, gallbladder, liver pancreas

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4
Q

what are the different organs in the GI tract?

A

oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

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5
Q

what are the 3 parts of the small intestine?

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

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6
Q

what are the 4 parts of the large intestine?

A

caecum
ascending/transverse/descending colon
rectum
anus

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7
Q

what is the pharynx responsible for?

A

food and air passing through (muscular tube)

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8
Q

what is the function of the stomach?

A

secretes enzymes/acids that digest food following the small amount of amylase digesting in the mouth

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9
Q

what is the function of the parts of the small intestine?

A

duodenum - pancreas secretions and bile (digestion of fat/protein)
towards ileum - more absorption of nutrients

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10
Q

what does the pancreas secrete into the small intestine?

A

bile
bicarbonate rich fluid to maintain alkaline pH

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11
Q

what is the function of the large intestine?

A

absorb any unabsorbed nutrients and expel waste as faeces

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12
Q

where are the mucosa membranes found?

A

lines body cavities and internal organ surfaces

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13
Q

what 3 types of epithelium are found in the GI tract?

A

squamous, columnar, cuboidal

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14
Q

what is the lamina propria and what is its function?

A

thin layer of loose CT beneath epithelium
contains inflammatory cells and provides support to epithelium

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15
Q

what is the muscularis mucosae?

A

smooth muscle lining the GI tract

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16
Q

what is the submucosa and what does it contain?

A

composed of dense, irregular CT
contains nerves, vessels and lymphatic tissues

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17
Q

what does the muscularis propria do?

A

inner-circular layer and outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle

resonsible for food movement

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18
Q

what is the function of the serosa/adventilia?

A

outer layer of fibrous CT in GI tract, reduction of friction

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19
Q

where are the meissners and auerbachs nerve plexus located?

A

meissners - stomach
auerbachs - between circular/longitudinal muscle

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20
Q

what is the function of peyers patches?

A

lymphoid follicles, forms part of immune system preventing harmful bacteria growth

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21
Q

where are the nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx located?

A

nasopharynx - base of skull to soft palate
oropharynx - soft palate to epiglottis
laryngopharynx - epiglottis to splitting of trachea/oesophagus

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22
Q

what 4 GI structures are present in the oesophagus?

A

mucosa (stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium)
submucosa (glands and lymphoid follicles)
muscularis mucosae (circular/CM, longitudinal/LM)
serosa

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23
Q

what muscle is present in the oesophagus?

A

top third - skeletal
middle third - mixed
lower third - smooth

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24
Q

what are the 9 areas of abdomen layout?

A
  1. R hypochondrium
  2. epigastric
  3. L hypochondrium
  4. R lumbar
  5. umbilical
  6. L lumbar
  7. R iliac fossa
  8. suprapubic (hypogastrium)
  9. L iliac fossa
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25
Q

what would be found in abdomen section 1?

A

liver

26
Q

what would be found in abdomen section 2?

A

duodenum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, stomach

27
Q

what would be found in abdomen section 3?

A

spleen/stomach

28
Q

what would be found in abdomen area 4?

A

ascending colon, right kidney

29
Q

what would be found in abdomen area 5?

A

stomach, pancreas head, duodenum, transverse colon, lower L/R kidneys

30
Q

what would be found in abdomen area 6?

A

descending colon, left kidney

31
Q

what would be found in abdomen area 7?

A

caecum, appendix, part of ascending colon

32
Q

what would be found in abdomen area 8?

A

bladder, uterus, small intestine parts (ileum)

33
Q

what would be found in abdomen area 9?

A

sigmoid colon, descending colon

34
Q

where is the stomach?

A

left hypochondrium, epigastric region

35
Q

what is the function of the fundus in the stomach?

A

air collection

36
Q

what is the 5 components of the stomach?

A

fundus, cardia, body, pylorus, pyloric sphincter

37
Q

what is the function of the pyloric sphincter?

A

controls secretions from stomach to duodenum

38
Q

what is the function of rugae in the stomach body?

A

folds of the organ, increase stomach surface area

39
Q

what 3 types of muscle are in the stomach and what is their function?

A

muscularis propria/externa, LM, oblique muscle layer

help with stomach content (chyme) mixing

40
Q

what cells exist in the stomach mucosa and what are their functions?

A

endocrine cells - produce gastrin
parietal cells - HCl secretion (gastrin stimulated)
chief cells - produces pepsinogen (degredated to pepsin by HCL)
mucous neck cells - secrete mucous to protect lining

41
Q

what are villi and what is their function?

A

projections in SI to increase surface area for digestion/absorption

42
Q

what 3 things does the duodenum receive?

A

chyme from stomach (through pyloric sphincter)
pancreatic fluid (through oddi sphincter at duodenal papilla)
bile from common bile duct

43
Q

what is the function of brunner’s glands in the duodenum?

A

alkaline secretion

44
Q

what are the folds in the small intestine called?

A

plicae

45
Q

what is in each singular villi?

A

microvilli, lacteal (lymph capillary), blood vessels, epithelium, mucosa

46
Q

what is the function of the exocrine and endocrine glands of the pancreas?

A

exocrine - secretes digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ions
endocrine - secretes hormones (insulin, glucagon, somatostatin)

47
Q

what do insulin and glucagon do?

A

insulin - promotes glucose absorption of blood into liver, muscle and fat
glucagon - promotes glycogen returning into bloodstream

48
Q

what does somatostatin do?

A

reduces acid secretion and reduces digestion

49
Q

what are some of the functions of the liver?

A

produces bile (through cystic duct)
detoxification of absorptions from GI tract
synthesises proteins (clotting factors/platelet regulation)
regulates blood glucose
inactivates hormones/drugs

50
Q

where does the liver get its blood supply?

A

hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein

51
Q

what do the common/left/right hepatic ducts do?

A

transport bile to gallbladder

52
Q

what is the purpose of the caecum?

A

chyme resevoir

53
Q

what does the ilial/caecal valve do?

A

prevents reflux of chyme

54
Q

what flexures connect the different aspects of the colon?

A

ascending -> transverse - hepatic (right colic)
transverse -> descending - splenic (left colic)

55
Q

what are taenia coli? what is their function?

A

3 longitudinal bands of smooth muscle from appendix to sigmoid colon
they facilitate circular muscle contraction

56
Q

what are haustrations?

A

ring-like circular muscle in the large intestine

57
Q

what are appendices epiploicae?

A

pouches of peritoneum filled with fat

58
Q

what do goblet cells do in the large intestine?

A

mucous production

59
Q

what are the main vessels of blood supply in the GI tract?

A

coeliac trunk (stomach/liver/spleen/duodenum)
superior mesentric artery (jejunum, ilium, caecum, ascending colon)
inferior mesentric artery (transverse/descending/sigmoid colon, rectum)

60
Q

what blood vessels allow for GI tract venous drainage?

A

inferior mesenteric vein (hind gut)
superior mesenteric vein (mid gut)
portal vein (unpaired abdominal organs)
hepatic vein (to heart)

1st Year Med (52 decks)

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