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1st Year Med > Lower Limb > Flashcards

Lower Limb Flashcards

1
Q

what composes the inominate bone?

A

ilium, ischium, pubis
(from pelvic girdle)

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2
Q

name the joints in the pelvic girdle

A

lumbosacral
sacro-iliac
sacro-coccyngeal
pubic symphysis

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3
Q

what is the acetabulum?

A

a fusion of different inominate bone parts connecting to the femur head

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4
Q

what type of joint is the pubic symphysis?

A

secondary cartilagenous

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5
Q

what kind of joint is the hip joint?

A

synovial ball & socket joint (between femur head and acetabulum)

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6
Q

iliofemoral ligament: cover and function

A

covers superiorly/anteriorly

prevents hyperextension during standing

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7
Q

pubofemoral ligament: covers and function

A

covers anteriorly/inferiorly

prevents excess abduction

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8
Q

ischiofemoral ligament: covers and function

A

covers posteriorly

prevents hyperflexion

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9
Q

what are the main nerves of the lumbosacral plexus and what is their corresponding vertebrae?

A

femoral - L2-4
obturator - L2-4
sciatic - L4-S3

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10
Q

gluteus maximus: origins and insertions

A

origins - posterior gluteal surface of the ilium, sacrum and coccyx

insert - iliotibial tract, gluteal tuberosity of femur

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11
Q

gluteus maximus: actions and innervation

A

actions - thigh extension and lateral rotation

innervation – inferior gluteal nerve

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12
Q

gluteus medius: origin and insertion

A

origin - gluteal surface of ilium

insert - lateral surface of greater trochanter

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13
Q

name the actions and innervation of the gluteus medius, gluteus minimus and tensor fascia lata

A

actions - lower limb abduction and medial rotation, stabilises pelvis during locomotion

innervation - superior gluteal nerve

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14
Q

gluteus minimus: origin and insertion

A

origin - ilium

insert - anterior greater trochanter (convergent tendon)

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15
Q

tensor fascia lata: origins and insertions

A

origins - anterior iliac crest (ASIS)

insert - iliotibial tract (lateral condyle of tibia)

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16
Q

name the deep muscles of the gluteal region

A

quadratus femoris
piriformis
gemellus superior/inferior
obturator internus

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17
Q

what are the general actions and innervations of the deep gluteal region?

A

actions - lateral rotation, abduction

innervations - nerve to (insert muscle)

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18
Q

what 2 muscles make up the iliopsoas?

A

psoar major and iliacus

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19
Q

name the muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh

A

iliacus (iliopsoas)
psoas major (iliopsoas)
rectus femoris (quad)
vastus medialis (quad)
vastus lateralis (quad)
vastus intermedius (quad)
saartorius
pectineus

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20
Q

what are the general actions and innervations of the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

actions - extend lower limb at knee joint, thigh flexion (only iliospoas + pectineus)

innervation - femoral nerve

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21
Q

where do the quadriceps converge and insert?

A

insert onto patella as common quadriceps tendon

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22
Q

sartorius: origin, insertion, actions and innervation

A

origin - anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)

insert - medial tibia surface

actions - hip flexion/abduction/lateral rotation, knee flexion

innervation - femoral nerve

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23
Q

name the muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh

A

gracilis
obturator externus
adductor brevis
adductor longus
adductor magnus (adductor part)

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24
Q

what are the general actions and innervation of the muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh?

A

actions - hip adduction, lateral rotation (obturator externus only), leg flexion (gracilis only)

innervation - obturator nerve

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25
Q

name the muscles in the posterior compartment (hamstring) of the thigh

A

biceps femoris
semitendinosus
semimembranosus
adductor magnus (hamstring)

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26
Q

what is the general actions and innervations of the muscles in the posterior (hamstring) compartment of the thigh?

A

actions - hip/thigh extension, leg/knee flexion

innervation - tibial sciatic nerve (short head biceps femoris - fibular sciatic nerve)

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27
Q

what is the linea aspera?

A

a line along the femur

28
Q

where is the pes anserinus located and what muscles attach to it?

A

located below knee at fibular head

attachments - semitendinosus, sartorius, gracilis

29
Q

what 4 structures does the femoral triangle contain? (from lateral to medial)

A

nerve, artery, vein, lymphatics

30
Q

what type of joint is the knee joint and what bones is it formed around?

A

synovial hinge joint

formed around femur (condyles), tibia (plateaus) and patella

31
Q

what 3 articulations is the knee composed of?

A

2 tibiofemoral
1 patellofemoral

32
Q

explain why the knee is more stable when extended

A

flat surfaces are in contact making it more congruent

33
Q

what are knee menisci?

A

c-shaped wedges of fibrocartilage (medial and lateral)

34
Q

what are the functions of knee menisci?

A

improves articular surface fit
accomodates shape change during movement
shock absorption
assist locking mechanism
joint nutrition and lubrication

35
Q

how do knee menisci receive nourishment?

A

outer 1/3 - vascularised
inner 2/3 - synovial fluid

36
Q

where does the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) run and what is its function?

A

attaches from anterior intercondylar region of tibia to lateral femoral condyle

prevents hyperextension

37
Q

where does the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) attach and what is its function?

A

attaches from posterior intercondylar region of tibia to medial femoral condyle

prevents hyperflexion

38
Q

where does the fibular collateral ligament extend from?

A

lateral epicondyle of femur to lateral fibula

39
Q

where does the tibial collateral ligament extend to?

A

medial epicondyle of femur to medial tibia

40
Q

what is the function of collateral ligaments?

A

prevents rotation during knee extension (stability)

41
Q

what is the normal Q angle of the femur?

A

15 degrees

42
Q

explain the conditions caused by abnormal allignment of the femur

A

genu varum (bow leg) - Q angle below 13 degrees (hyperadduction)

genu valgum (knock knee) - Q angle above 17 degrees (hyperabduction)

43
Q

name the 7 tarsal bones and state whether they are proximal or distal

A

calcaneus (P)
talus (P)
navicular (P)
cuboid (D)
lateral cruciform (D)
intermediate cruciform (D)
medial cruciform (D)

44
Q

what does the true ankle joint involve and allow?

A

talocrural joint involving fibula, tibia and talus

allows dorsiflexion (extension) and plantarflexion (flexion)

45
Q

what does the subtalar joint involve and allow?

A

talocalcaneal joint involving talus and calcaneus

allows inversion and eversion

46
Q

what 2 ligaments are in the ankle joint and how many parts are there on each?

A

medial (deltoid) ligament (4)
lateral ligament (3)

47
Q

what are the 3 muscular compartment groups of retinacula in the ankle?

A

flexor
extensor (superior/inferior)
fibular (superior/inferior)

48
Q

name the muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg

A

gastrocnemius (lateral/medial head)
soleus
plantaris
popliteus
flexor digitorum longus
flexor halucis longus
tibialis posterior

49
Q

what are the general actions and innervation of the muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

actions - foot plantarflexion and inversion

innervation - tibial nerve

50
Q

what is the anatomical name of the achilles tendon?

A

calcaneal tendon

51
Q

what causes tarsal tunnel syndrome?

A

compression of tibial nerve

52
Q

explain the mneumonic used to remember the order of occurence of ankle tendons/structures
(from anterior to posterior)

A

Tom, Dick and very nervous Harry
T - tibialis posterior (tendon)
D - digitorum longus (flexor tendon)
A - tibial artery
V - tibial vein
N - tibial nerve
H - hallucis longus (flexor tendon)

53
Q

name the 3 ankle extensors and whether they allow for inversion or eversion at the subtalar joint

A

tibialis anterior (I)
extensor hallucis longus (I)
extensor digitorum longus (E)

54
Q

what are the 2 lateral group muscles in the ankle and what do they allow?

A

fibularis longus/brevis

allow eversion and plantarflexion

55
Q

name the 3 foot arches

A

medial longitudinal
lateral longitudinal
transverse

56
Q

what structures give dynamic support to the foot arch?

A

tibialis posterior/anterior
flexor hallucis longus
fibularis longus
intrinsic plantar muscles

57
Q

name the structures giving passive support to the foot arch

A

plantar aponeurosis
long/short plantar ligament
plantar calcaneonavicular ligament

58
Q

what is the deepest structure in the popliteal fossa?

A

popliteal artery

59
Q

explain the branching of the sciatic nerve

A

sciatic -> tibial and common fibular
tibial -> medial/lateral plantar
common fibular -> deep/superficial fibular

60
Q

name the arterial branches in the lower limb from superficial to deep

A

aorta
common iliac
external/internal iliac
femoral
popliteal
posterior/anterior tibial
fibular/dorsalis pedis
medial/lateral plantar

61
Q

explain the venous drainage system of the lower limb

A

deep veins and flanked arteries (2 veins, 1 artery)
superficial veins drain into deep veins

62
Q

name the main veins of the lower leg and where they drain

A

lesser saphenous -> popliteal

greater saphenous -> femoral

63
Q

what is the function of perforating veins?

A

connecting the 2 systems of venous drainage

64
Q

what happens when blood backs up in deep veins?

A

perforating veins back up and become varicose veins

65
Q

name the muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg

A

tibialis anterior
extensor digitorum longus
extensor hallucis longus
fibularis tertius

66
Q

what are the general actions and innervation of the muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

actions - foot dorsiflexion and eversion

innervation - deep fibular nerve

1st Year Med (52 decks)

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