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Human Anatomy > Special Senses > Flashcards

Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

What are the general sense receptors? What do they do?

A

Chemoreceptors (chemical changes), Mechanoreceptors (pressure & movement) , Thermoreceptors (temp. change), Nociceptors (pain), Photoreceptors (light energy)

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2
Q

How does a sensory pathway work?

A

A stimulus generates a receptor potential –> the receptor potential triggers an action potential –> an action potentials travel to the brain

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3
Q

Where are taste buds found on the tongue?

A

Found in papillae

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4
Q

What are the epithelial cells that make up each taste bud? What is a characteristic of each?

A

Gustatory epithelial cells (have long microvilli called gustatory hairs) & Basal epithelial cells (stem cells)

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5
Q

How does a taste signal get to the CNS?

A
  1. Dissolved molecules in saliva enter taste pore
  2. Molecules bind to receptors on gustatory hair cells
  3. Action potentials are generated, sensory neurons stimulated, signals sent to CNS
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6
Q

What are the different types of tastes?

A
  1. Sweet
  2. Sour
  3. Salty
  4. Bitter
  5. Umami
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7
Q

What are the steps of the gustatory pathway?

A

Taste receptors –> sensory nerve fibers in cranial nerves –> brainstem –> thalamus –> gustatory cortex (insula)

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8
Q

Where are the olfactory receptors found? What epithelium?

A

Found in the olfactory epithelium, made of pseudo stratified columnar

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9
Q

What kind of neurons are olfactory sensory cells?

A

Bipolar neurons

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10
Q

What are the filaments of the olfactory nerve?

A

Extensions of sensory neurons that enter the CNS through the cribriform plate and synapse with mitral cells in olfactory bulb

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11
Q

How is olfactory information relayed? Where to?

A

Relayed from mitral cells via the olfactory nerve to the limbic system and the primary olfactory cortex in temporal lobe

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12
Q

What are the accessory structures of the eye? What are their functions?

A

Palebrae: eyelashes (keep foreign objects out), & Sebacous glands (lubricate surface of eye)
Palpebral Fissure: space b/w eyelids
Lacrimal Caruncles: Pink raised portion

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13
Q

What is the conjunctiva?

A

Transparent mucous membrane that covers the white of the eye

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14
Q

What is the lacrimal apparatus? What is it made out of?

A

Tear production; Lacrimal Gland and ducts that drain lacrimal fluid (tears)

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15
Q

What are the 3 layers of the eye?

A

3 tunics: Fibrous tunic (outermost), Vascular tunic, Sensory tunic (innermost)

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16
Q

What are the functions and characteristics of the Fibrous Tunic in the eye?

A

Outermost layer, provides protection and mechanical support; avascular, made out of sclera & cornea

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17
Q

What is the sclera? What is the cornea? What are they made out of?

A

Sclera: White part of the eye (dense IR CT)
Cornea: transparent (dense regular CT)

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18
Q

What are the parts of the Vascular Tunic? What do they do?

A

Choroid: vascular, dark surface that absorbs excess light
Iris: made of smooth muscle that contracts and enlarge pupil to regulate light entry to eye ball
Ciliary Body
Suspensory Ligaments: controls the shape of the lens

19
Q

What is accommodation?

A

The lens changes shape when looking at things up close

20
Q

How does parasympathetic control accommodation work? Sympathetic control?

A

Close objects, ciliary muscle contracts; distant objects, ciliary muscle relaxes

21
Q

What are the layers of the Sensory Tunic? What do they do?

A
  1. Pigmented Layer: single epithelial layer, involved with absorbing light and nourishing neural layer
  2. Neural Layer: Contains 3 types of cells (photoreceptors, bipolar, ganglion)
22
Q

What are the type of photoreceptors?

A

Rod cells: Most sensitive light, found mainly in the periphery of retina
Cone cells: Color vision, concentrated in central part of retina

23
Q

What is the visual pathway in the retina?

A

Photoreceptors activate bipolar cells –> bipolar cells activate ganglion cells –> axons of ganglion cells form optic nerve –> brain

24
Q

What is the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

A

Contain a protein called melanopsin that regulate the body’s circadian clock

25
Q

What is the visual pathway to the brain?

A

Optic nerve –> optic chiasma –> optic tract –> thalamus –> optic radiations –> occipital lobe (primary visual cortex)

26
Q

What is the blind spot?

A

The region where there are no rods or cones where neurons are leaving the eye, aka the optic disc

27
Q

What is the fovea centralis? Where is it located?

A

Located in the macula lutea; only cones, clearest vision

28
Q

What are the characteristics and functions of the lens?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium along anterior surface. Ciliary body changes shape to focus light on fovea centralis.

29
Q

What fluid does the anterior segment contain? What fluid does the posterior segment contain?

A

Anterior: Aqueous humor (supplies nutrients and oxygen to lens & cornea)
Posterior: Vitreous humor (helps maintain shape of eyeball)

30
Q

What is an Emmetropic eye? Myopic? Hyperopic?

A

Emmertropic: normal vision
Myopic: Nearsighted = eye may be too long
Hyperopic: Farsighted = eye may be too short

31
Q

What does 20/50 vision mean?

A

An individual can read from 20 ft what the normal eye could read from 50 ft

32
Q

What are the parts of the outer ear? What are they made of?

A

Pinna (elastic cartilage), External Acoustic Meatus (air-filled canal, strat. squamous)

33
Q

What are the parts of the middle ear?

A

Ossicles: (Malleus, Incus, Stapes)
Tympanic Membrane
Tensor Tympani
Stapedius

34
Q

What is the internal ear made out of?

A

The bony labyrinth: semicircular canals, vestibule, cochlea

The membranous labyrinth

35
Q

What is the membranous labyrinth filled with? Outside the labyrinth?

A

Membranous labyrinth structures are filled with clear liquid -endolymph
Outside: perilymph that is continuous with CSF

36
Q

What are the 3 parts of the cochlea? What is each filled with?

A

Scala Vestibuli: perilymph
Scala Media (Cochlear duct): endolymph
Scala Tympani: perilymph

37
Q

Where is the Spiral Organ of Corti found? What are the parts?

A

Found inside this cochlear duct; Inner hair cells, outer hair cells, stereocilia, tectorial membrane

38
Q

What is at the base of hair cells in the Organ of Corti? What do they form?

A

At the base of hair cells are the fibers of the cochlear nerve which are in the spiral ganglion

39
Q

How does sound travel through the ear?

A

Sound waves vibrate the tympanic membrane –> ossicles vibrate –> stapes pushes on oval window –> perilymph in scala vestibuli moves –> sound waves go through cochlear duct (Organ of corti) –> action potentials are stimulated by movement of hair cells

40
Q

What is the difference between inner and outer hair cells in the Organ of Corti?

A

Inner hair cells: true receptors

Outer hair cells: tune and amplify signal

41
Q

What are the Utricle and the Saccule? Where are they found?

A

Found in the vestibule; Utricle responds to acceleration in a horizontal direction; Saccule responds to vertical movements

42
Q

What is the maculae? What are it’s structures?

A

Gelatinous Cap; Hair cells: mechanoreceptors cells that respond to movement, Stereocilia: extensions of hair cells that imbedded in otolithic membrane, Otolith: crystals that add weight to membrane

43
Q

What is the role of the semicircular canals?

A

Involved with rotational acceleration of the head

44
Q

What are the structures of the semicircular ducts?

A

Hair cells: mechanoreceptors that respond to rotational forces
Stereocilia: extensions of hair cells that intiate impulse when bent
Ampullary capula: gelatinous mass that “tips” under inertial resistance

Human Anatomy (16 decks)

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