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Human Anatomy > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the accessory digestive organs?

A

Liver, Pancreas, Gallbladder, Salivary glands

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2
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

An organized contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle that propels through the alimentary canal in one direction

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3
Q

What is segmentation?

A

Contractions of smooth muscle that moves chyme back and forth within the canal to allow mixing and further breakdown

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4
Q

What are the layers of the alimentary canal? What are their basic functions

A

Lumen, mucosa (lines lumen), submucosa (support layer), muscularis externa (muscle layer), serosa (outer layer)

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5
Q

In which of the 4 main layers of the alimentary canal would you expect to find an epithelium?

A

Mucosa and serosa

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6
Q

What are the 3 sublayers of the mucosa?

A
  1. epithelium 2. lamina propria 3. Muscularis externa
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7
Q

Characteristic of the Submucosa

A

Highly vascularized and nutrient absorbent

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8
Q

What is the submucosal nerve plexus?

A

controls secretions of glands & muscularis mucosa contractions

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8
Q

What is the submucosal nerve plexus?

A

Controls secretions of glands and muscularis mucosa contractions

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9
Q

What is the muscularis externa made up of?

A

2 layers of smooth muscle: circular and longitudinal

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10
Q

What is the myenteric nerve plexus and where is it found?

A

Controls peristalsis and segmentation; found within the muscularis externa

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11
Q

What is the enteric nervous system?

A

Controls the smooth muscle and glands of alimentary canal; “brain in the gut”; made of 2 nerve plexuses

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12
Q

What is the serosa made of?

A

Simple squamous epithelium + a thin loose areolar CT

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13
Q

What type of epithelium would you expect to find lining the oral cavity?

A

Stratified squamous

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14
Q

What is rough surface found on the tongue called?

A

Filiform papillae

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15
Q

What is the lingual frenulum?

A

Fold of mucosa layer that connects the tongue to the floor of the mouth

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16
Q

What are the primary salivary glands?

A

Parotid gland, submandibular gland, sublingual gland

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17
Q

What are the types of permanent teeth?

A

Incisors, Canines, Premolars, molars

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18
Q

What are the regions of a tooth? Where are they found?

A

Crown: part above gum line
Neck: contained within gum tissue
Root: contained within bone

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19
Q

What part of the tooth provides nutrients and sensation?

A

Pulp

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20
Q

Enamel is the…

A

… hardest substance in the body

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21
Q

What is the periodontal ligament?

A

Dense CT that attached cement of tooth to bony socket

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22
Q

What is the function of the pharynx?

A

Connects oral cavity to esophagus and nasal cavity

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23
Q

What are the parts of the pharynx?

A

Oropharynx, laryngopharynx, Nasopharynx

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24
Q

What is the epithelium of the oropharynx and the laryngopharynx?

A

Stratified squamous

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25
Q

Characteristics & Function of Esophagus

A

connects pharynx to stomach; stratified squamous; mucous glands secrete mucus to lubricate bolus of food

26
Q

What is the muscularis externa layer of the esophagus made up of?

A

Upper 1/3: skeletal muscle
Middle 1/3: skeletal & smooth muscle
Lower 1/3: smooth muscle

27
Q

What is the outer layer of the esophagus?

A

Adventitia

28
Q

What absorption takes place in the stomach?

A

Limited to water and alcohol

29
Q

What is the lining mucosa epithelium of the stomach? What else is found here?

A

Simple columnar; Cells that produce bicarbonate-buffered mucus & the lining is dotted with gastric pits

30
Q

What are the rugae of the stomach?

A

“wrinkles”, folds of mucosa that increase SA and allow stomach to expand.

31
Q

What are the sphincters of the stomach and what are their functions?

A

Cardiac sphincter: prevents food from moving back into esophagus
Pyloric Sphincter: controls the release of chyme into duodeum

32
Q

What are the layers of the muscularis externa in the stomach?

A
  1. oblique 2. circular 3. longitudinal
33
Q

What are the specialized cells found in the gastric pits of the stomach? What are their functions?

A

Parietal cells: produce and secrete HCl and GIF which necessary for vitamin b12 absorption in the SI
Chief Cells: produce and secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase
Enteroendocrince cells: release hormones
Undiff. Stem Cells: replaced every 3-7 days

34
Q

What is pepsin? How is it created?

A

Pepsin breaks down proteins in food. It is created when pepsinogen mixes with HCl

35
Q

Characteristics & Functions of the Small Intestine

A

Simple columnar; site of most absorption and chemical digestion

36
Q

What are the segments of the SI?

A

Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum

37
Q

What do the circular folds of the SI do?

A

Increase SA and force chyme to spiral through the small intestine which slows it down allowing for increased absorption of nutrients

38
Q

Characteristics of Villi

A

Made of absorptive cells (enterocytes); Have capillaries (absorb proteins & carbs) and Lacteals (absorb fat)

39
Q

What are absorptive enterocytes made of?

A

Lots of mitochondria because absorption of nutrients requires energy

40
Q

What are the specialized cells found in the mucosa of the SI? What are their functions?

A

Absorptive enterocytes; Goblet cells (secrete mucus); enteroendorcine cells (secrete hormones to control the release of other substances); Intestinal crypts (between villi, produce intestinal juice); Paneth cells (secrete enzymes to destroy unwanted bactera)

41
Q

What are the inputs to the duodenum?

A

Stomach contributes chyme, gallbladder adds bile; Pancreas adds digestive enzymes, pancreatic juice

42
Q

Chyme enter duodenum from stomach and activates enteroendocrine cells… the presence of fats stimulates the release of ____.

A

CCK: signals release of store bile to break down fats for better absorption.

43
Q

Chyme enter duodenum from stomach and activates enteroendocrine cells… the presence of acids stimulates the release of ____.

A

Secretin: signals release of pancreatic juice to neutralize acids

44
Q

Label the Gross Anatomy of the Large Intestine

A

add: epipolic appendages, teniae colie; haustra; ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon

45
Q

What type of epithelium would you expect to find lining the large intestine?

A

Simple columnar

46
Q

What are the specialized cells of the LI? What are the functions?

A

Colonocytes: absorb water & electrolytes
Goblet Cells: secrete mucus
Intestian crypts: stem cells are replaced every 7 days

47
Q

What are the sphincters in the anal canal? What are the characteristics of each?

A

External Anal Sphincter: skeletal muscle, voluntary control

Internal Anal Sphincter: smooth muscle, involuntary control

48
Q

Where is bile produced?

A

Liver;

49
Q

What does the hepatic portal vein of the liver do?

A

Gathers blood from digestive organs and transports it to the liver

50
Q

What does the hepatic artery proper of the liver do?

A

Provides oxygen-rich blood to the liver

51
Q

What does the inferior vena cava of the liver do?

A

removes blood from liver after it has been processed

52
Q

What does each portal triad contain? What does each part do?

A

Bile duct (transports bile out of lobule); Portal venule (transports nutrient-rich blood into lobule); Portal arteriole (transports oxygen-rich blood into the lobule)

53
Q

What is the primary cell of the liver?

A

Hepatocytes

54
Q

What is the role of liver sinusoids? Where are they found?

A

Between plates of hepatocytes; Site where arterial and venous blood mix (gives hepatocytes access to oxygen & nutrients) and carried to the central vein

55
Q

What does the central vein do?

A

Drains blood from sinusoids out of liver

56
Q

What are stellate macrophages?

A

Move through sinusoids to destroy unwanted microorganisms

57
Q

What is the path of the bile in the liver?

A

Bile moves from hepatocytes to bile canaliculus to bile ducts

58
Q

What does the gallbladder do?

A

Stores and concentrates bile

59
Q

What is the exocrine function of the Pancreas?

A

Acinar cells produce and secrete pancreatic juices

60
Q

What is the endocrine function of the pancreas?

A

Beta cells produce insulin & alpha cells produce glucagon

61
Q

What is the mesentery?

A

Double-sided serous membrane that suspends organs within abdominal cavity

61
Q

What is the mesentery?

A

Double-sided serous membrane that suspends organs within abdominal cavity

62
Q

What are Ulcers?

A

Crater-like erosions of the mucosa

Human Anatomy (16 decks)

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