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Human Anatomy > Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the connective tissues surrounding the brain?

A

Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, pia mater

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2
Q

What are the 2 layers of the Dura mater?

A 
Periosteal layer (periosteum): attached to skull
Meningeal layer: true external covering of brain
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3
Q

What are the arachnoid granulations? What does it do?

A

Portions of arachnoid mater that extend through dura mater into dural sinuses; This is where CSF is returned to the blood after circulating through the CNS

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4
Q

What is the function of the CSF? Where is it found?

A

Located in subarachnoid space and ventricles; floats and cushions CNS, provides nutrients & removes waste

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5
Q

What produces CSF?

A

Continuously produced by ependymal cells of the capillary-rich choroid plexus

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6
Q

What is hydrocephalus? Why does it occur in babies?

A

CSF is overproduced and causes intracranial pressure and brain swelling; happens in babies because their skull is not fused so allow for swelling

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7
Q

What is white matter made of?

A

Myelinated axons

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8
Q

What is grey matter composed of?

A

Everything w/o myelin: dendrites, cell bodies, glial cells

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9
Q

What is the outer gray matter of the brain? Inner?

A

Cerebral cortex; nuclei

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10
Q

What is the outer white matter of the spinal cord?

A

Fiber tracts

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11
Q

What is the diencephalon comprised of?

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

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12
Q

What is the mesencephalon made of?

A

Fiber tracts, superior & inferior colliculi

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13
Q

What is the metencephalon comprised of?

A

The pons and cerebellum

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14
Q

What forms the myelencephalon?

A

Medulla

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15
Q

What are the different types of fiber tracts?

A

Projection fibers, Commissural fibers, Association fibers

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16
Q

What are fiber tracts?

A

Bands of myelinated axons

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17
Q

What is the function of a projection fiber?

A

Allows communication between cerebral cortex and the rest of the CNS

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18
Q

What is the function of a commissural fiber?

A

Allows communication between right and left hemispheres

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19
Q

What is the function of an association fiber?

A

Allows from communication within different parts of the same hemisphere

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20
Q

What does the corpus callosum do? What kind of fiber tract is it?

A

Allows right hemisphere to communicate with left; commissural fiber

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21
Q

What are the 3 primary types of processing areas in the cerebral cortex? What are their functions?

A

Sensory areas: interpret sensory information coming into brain
Motor areas: dictate motor response
Association areas: apply meaning

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22
Q

What is a sulci? What is a gyri? What is a fissure?

A 
Sulci = furrow, small indentations
Gyri = Ridges
Fissure = deep indentations
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23
Q

What is the central sulcus?

A

Divides frontal and parietal lobes

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24
Q

What is the longitudinal fissure?

A

Separates both cerebral hemispheres

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25
Q

What are the lobes of the cerebral cortex?

A

Frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe, insula

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26
Q

What are the functions of the frontal lobe?

A

Voluntary motor control; higher order cognitive functions (thinking, planning, decision making…)

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27
Q

What does the primary motor cortex do? Where is it found?

A

Conscious control of skeletal muscles; frontal lobe

28
Q

What does the premotor cortex do?

A

Association area, plans and coordinated complex movements

29
Q

What does the prefrontal cortex do? Where is it found?

A

Association area, Involved in personality, cognition, and intellect; frontal lobe

30
Q

What is Broca’s area in control over? Where is it found?

A

Motor control of speaking; found in the left frontal lobe

31
Q

What is the main function of the parietal lobe?

A

Input and interpretation of sensory information coming from somatic senses (touch, temperature, pain, pressure…)

32
Q

What does the primary somatosensory cortex do? Where is it found?

A

Receives input from somatic sensory receptors of body; parietal lobe

33
Q

What does the somatosensory association area do? Where is it found?

A

Interprets sensory information based on prior experience; parietal lobe

34
Q

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

A

Receives and interprets sounds and sensory information from the inner ear and smell from the nasal cavity

35
Q

What does the primary auditory cortex do? Where is it found?

A

Conscious awareness of sound; temporal lobe

36
Q

What does the auditory association area? Where is it found?

A

Evaluation of sound; temporal lobe

37
Q

What is wernicke’s area? Where is it found?

A

Recognition of spoken words; temporal lobe

38
Q

What is the primary olfactory cortex? Where is it found?

A

Conscious awareness of smells; temporal lobe

39
Q

What does the occipital lobe do?

A

Receives and interprets stimuli from retina of eye

40
Q

What is the primary visual cortex? Where is it found?

A

Receives information coming from receptors in retina; occipital lobe

41
Q

What is the visual association area? Where is it found?

A

Memories of images, analysis of color, form, and movement; occipital lobe

42
Q

What is the function of the insula?

A

Visceral sensory cortex here, involved with the processing of emotions, self-recognition

43
Q

What is the gustatory cortex? Where is it found?

A

Receives and interprets sensory information from taste receptors; insula

44
Q

What is the basal nuclei? Where is it found?

A

Works with cerebal cortex to control motor movements; clusters of cell bodies deep to white matter of cerebrum

45
Q

What is the striatum made of? Where is it located? What does it do?

A

Caudate nucleus + putamen; in the basal nuclei; interacts with substania nigra

46
Q

What are the functions of the basal forebrain nuclei?

A

Arousal, learning & memory, motor control

47
Q

What is the limbic system?

A

Considered the emotional brain

48
Q

What is the amygdaloid body? What system is it a part of and where is it found?

A

involved in PTSD, memory of fear, regulates anger…; part of the limbic system; found in the temporal lobe

49
Q

What is the job of the hippocampus?

A

conversion of short-term memories to long-term memories

50
Q

What are the structures that are part of the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus, Epithalamus, Hypthalamus

51
Q

What is the job of the thalamus?

A

Sensory information going to cerebral cortex must first go through the thalamus

52
Q

What structure is found in the epithalamus? What does it do?

A

Pineal gland; secretes melatonin

53
Q

What are the functions of the hypothalamus?

A

Hunger & thirst, Body temperature, Controls smooth muscle & cardiac muscle, and regulates the release of hormones from pituitary gland

54
Q

What does the midbrain include? What do they do?

A

Superior colliculi: involved in visual reflexes

Inferior colliculi: Involved in auditory reflexes

55
Q

What does the pons do?

A

“Bridge” between cerebral cortex and cerebellum, coordination of voluntary movements

56
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

Coordinates muscle movements, involved with balance, fine motor control, and motor memory

57
Q

What are the components of the brain stem?

A

Medulla, pons, midbrain

58
Q

What are the functions of the medulla?

A

Basic life support functions (heart rate, blood pressure, rate of breathing)

59
Q

What are the meningeal layers of the spinal cord?

A

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

60
Q

What is the epidural space? Where is it found?

A

Fat filled space around dura mater in the spinal cord

61
Q

What are the 2 spinal cord enlargements? Why are they enlarged?

A

Cervical enlargement (upper limbs), Lumbar enlargement (lower limbs); a larger number of neurons are entering/leaving the spinal cord

62
Q

Sensory information enters through the _____ side and goes ______.

A

Dorsal/Posterior; to the brain

63
Q

Motor information enters through the _____ side and goes ____.

A

Ventral/Anterior; away from the brain

64
Q

What are ascending tracts? Descending tracts? Commissural tracts?

A

Ascending:Sensory neuron axons
Descending: Motor neuron axons
Commissural: Interneurons that carry information from one side of the spinal cord to the other

65
Q

What are the general steps of an ascending pathway?

A
  1. Sensory Receptors are activated
  2. Sensory Neurons synapse with interneurons within the dorsal horn
  3. Interneurons transport signal via ascending tracts to the the brain
66
Q

What are the general steps of a descending pathway?

A
  1. Motor cortex initiates a response
  2. Interneurons transport signal to spinal cord
  3. Interneurons synapse within ventral horns
  4. Motor neuron transports signal to cells of action
67
Q

What is the reflex arc? What are the different types?

A

An automatic and rapid motor response that doesn’t require input from the brain; Monosynaptic & Polysynaptic

Human Anatomy (16 decks)

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