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Human Anatomy > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the intercalated discs of the cardiac muscle made up of? What does each part do?

A

Gap Junctions: allow for quick communication b/w cells for a coordinated contraction
Fascia Adherens: tension is distributed b/w cells

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2
Q

What is the job of the arteries?

A

Carry blood away from the heart

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3
Q

What is the job of the veins?

A

Carry blood towards the heart

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4
Q

What are the steps of the pulmonary circuit? What is its job?

A

Right atrium –> Right ventricle –> Pulmonary trunk –> pulmonary arteries —> lungs –> pulmonary veins –> left atrium; allows blood to pick up oxygen; Route b/w heart and lungs

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5
Q

What are the steps of the systemic circuit? What is its job?

A

Left ventricle –> aorta –> cells of body –> veins –> right atrium; brings oxygen to cells; route b/w heart and body tissues

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6
Q

What is the pericardium? What are the different layers?

A

Serous membranes that surround the heart; Outer layer = fibrous pericardium, Inner layers= serous pericardium

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7
Q

What does the tough, fibrous pericardium do? What is it made of?

A

Anchors heart, prevents overfilling; dense IR CT

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8
Q

What are the different layers of the serous pericardium?

A

Visceral pericardium= flush to the heart

Parietal pericardium

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9
Q

What is the pericardial cavity filled with?

A

Pericardial fluid that reduces friction b/w contracting heart and outer wall of pericardial sac

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10
Q

What are the 4 chambers of the heart?

A

Right atrium, Right ventricle, Left atrium, Left ventricle

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11
Q

What are the chordae tendineae? What are they made of?

A

“heart strings”, dense regular CT, ensure that blood goes in one direction

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12
Q

Why is the left ventricular myocardium is thicker than the right?

A

Needs to be stronger to pump blood to whole body

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13
Q

What are the 2 atrioventricular valves? What do they do?

A

Tricuspid (right) & Bicuspid (left); Keep blood flowing in one direction

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14
Q

What is the semilunar valve? Where are they located?

A

Prevent blood from flowing backwards towards ventricles; Pulmonary semilunar = b/w right ventricle & pulmonary trunk, Aortic semilunar = b/w left ventricle and aorta

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15
Q

What is the fibrous skeleton?

A

Barrier b/w atria and ventricles that prevents an electrical impulse from passing

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16
Q

What is the cardiac conduction system?

A

Nodes and bundles in cardiac muscle conduct electrical impulses through the heart

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17
Q

What is the Sinoatrial node? Where is it?

A

In right atrium; initiates electrical impulse, stimulates atria via internodal pathway stimulated AV node

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18
Q

What are the broad steps of the cardiac cycle?

A

Atrial Diastole (muscle relaxing), Atrial Systole (contraction), Ventricular Systole (contraction), Ventricular Diastole (relax)

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19
Q

What supplies blood to the heart?

A

Right coronary artery & left coronary artery

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20
Q

What do the cardiac veins do?

A

Drain blood to coronary sinus –> empties into right atrium

21
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Buildup of plaque in arteries causing narrowing, making blood flow more difficult

22
Q

What is a myocardial infarction?

A

heart attack; result of blood not reaching cardiac muscle tissue

23
Q

What are the layers of blood vessels? What makes up each?

A

Tunica Intima (Simle squamous), Tunica media (smooth muscle), Tunica Externa (loose areolar CT)

24
Q

What is the vasa vasorum?

A

Some large vessels have their own blood supply

25
Q

How do arterial walls compare to veins?

A

They are thicker and stronger because they are under high pressure

26
Q

What is the function of elastic arteries? Where are they found?

A

The ability to expand and recoil helps smooth out pressure surges. Found right off the ventricles

27
Q

How do muscular arteries differ from elastic arteries?

A

Less elastin and more smooth muscle

28
Q

Characteristics & Functions of Arterioles

A

Are branches of muscular arteries; Constrict and dilate quickly to regulate blood flow; Large arterioles (3 tunics), Small arterioles (2 tunics)

29
Q

What are capillaries? What are they made of?

A

Very thin blood vessels that allow for exchange of components, made of only a single layer of tunica intima (simple squamous) and basement membrane

30
Q

What are precapillary sphincters?

A

Smooth muscle that constrict or get wider to regulate blood flow

31
Q

What happens when precapillary sphincters are open? Closed?

A

Precapillary Sphincters open –> blood fills capillary beds
Precapillary Sphincters closed –> blood passes through capillary bed via a channel- tissue supplied by this capillary bed are bypassed

32
Q

What are the different types of the capillaries?

A

Continuos, fenestrated, sinusoidal

33
Q

Characteristics & Functions of Continuous Capillaries

A

Tight junctions decr. permeability; Intercellular clefts allow small molecules to pass; have pericytes; most common, found in skeltal muscles, skin, and nervous system

34
Q

Characteristics & Functions of Fenestrated Capillaries

A

High rate of molecular exchange between tissue and blood; have pores through endothelial cells called fenestrations (“windows”)

35
Q

Characteristics & Functions of Sinusoid Capillaries

A

Special fenestrated capillary; most permeable; large intercellular clefts, incomplete basement membrane, few tight junctions

36
Q

What is the blood brain barrier made of? Why?

A

Continuous capillaries have low permeability so that few things can get through

37
Q

A red blood cell leaving the heart and traveling to the small intestine would travel through how many capillary beds before returning to the heart?

A

Two

38
Q

What does a venule do?

A

Drain capillaries

39
Q

What are the valves in veins made of? What do they do?

A

Folds of tunica intima; keep blood moving forward under low pressure

40
Q

What causes a varicose veins?

A

Incompetent valves in veins –> blood pools, stretching veins and causing misshapen vessels

41
Q

What are arterial and vein anastomoses?

A

Provide alternative pathways for blood to reach a given body region

42
Q

What are the 2 parts of blood pressure?

A

Systolic: arterial pressure when left ventricle contracts
Diastolic: arterial pressure when left ventricle relaxes

43
Q

What are the 3 main classes of blood cells?

A

Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Platelets

44
Q

What is the shape of red blood cells?

A

Biconcave

45
Q

What is erythropoiesis? What is needed?

A

Production of RBCs from stem cells in red bone marrow; Iron needed to produce new cells

46
Q

What type of antigens would Type A blood have? Type B? Type AB? Type O?

A

A: A antigens
B: B antigens
AB: A & B antigens
O: neither A or B antigens

47
Q

What type of antibodies would Type A blood have? Type B? Type AB? Type O?

A

A: anti-B
B: anti-A
AB: None
O: anti-A & anti-B

48
Q

What is the Rh factor? When does it become a problem?

A

Rh is a protein that is either present (+) or absent (-) on RBC. Rh antibodies are able to pass through the placenta and attack a fetus. Becomes a problem when cells from Rh+ fetus enter woman’s bloodstream

Human Anatomy (16 decks)

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