Respiratory System

Question 1

What is external respiration?

Answer 1

Gas exchange between air & red

blood cells in the lungs

Question 2

What is internal respiration?

Answer 2

Gas exchange between red blood
cells & body tissues outside of the
lungs

Question 3

What are the structures that make up the conducting zone?

Answer 3

Nasal cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Main bronchi, Lobar bronchi, Segmental bronchi, Bronchioles ,Terminal bronchioles

Question 4

What structures are part of the respiratory zone?

Answer 4

Respiratory bronchioles, Alveolar ducts, Alveoli

Question 5

What are the Pleurae membranes? Where are they found?

Answer 5

Visceral pleura: serous
membrane surrounding lungs
Parietal pleura: serous
membrane lining cavity

Question 6

What is the job of the pleural fluid?

Answer 6

Pleural fluid between the visceral and parietal pleura causes the lungs to inflate with breathing (Vacuum is created)

Question 7

What are the mucus membranes of the nasal cavity?

Answer 7

Olfactory Mucosa & Respiratory Mucosa

Question 8

Characteristics & Functions of the Respiratory Mucosa

Answer 8

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium; scattered goblet cells;
Very vascular; Warms air; Sticky mucus helps trap pathogens and debris

Question 9

What is the Mucociliary escalator?

Answer 9

Cilia constantly moving sheets
of mucus to posterior region of
nasal cavity

Question 10

What is the Nasal conchae?

Answer 10

Bony ridges that create air

turbulence to fling pathogens onto mucus lined epithelium

Question 11

Characteristics & Functions of Paranasal Sinuses

Answer 11

Air-filled cavities in bone; Lighten the skull; Warm and moisten the air; Lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Question 12

What is the Nasal meatus?

Answer 12

opening for sinus into nasal cavity

Question 13

Characteristics & Function of Oropharynx?

Answer 13

Stratified squamous epithelium; Food and air

Question 14

Characteristics & Function of Nasopharynx?

Answer 14

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium; Primarily air passes

Question 15

Characteristics & Function of Laryngopharynx?

Answer 15

Stratified squamous epithelium; Food and air

Question 16

What is the epithelium above and below the vocal cords?

Answer 16

Above: Stratified squamous
Below: Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

Question 17

What does the uvula do?

Answer 17

During swallowing, uvula closes off nasopharynx to prevent food from moving into nasal cavity

Question 18

Characteristics & Functions of Epiglottis?

Answer 18

elastic cartilage, covers larynx when swallowing food

Question 19

What is the thyroid cartilage? What is it made out of?

Answer 19

hyaline cartilage, attachment site for vocal folds (adam’s apple)

Question 20

What is the Arytenoid cartilage? What is it made out of?

Answer 20

hyaline cartilage, anchors vocal folds posteriorly

Question 21

What are the vocal folds?

Answer 21

Elastic fibers covered with mucosa
& suspended between thyroid and
arytenoid cartilages, vibrate when air passes over to create sound

Question 22

What is the rima glottis?

Answer 22

space between open vocal folds

Question 23

What is the function of the trachea? What is it made out of?

Answer 23

Flexible but strong connection to

lungs; Pseudostratified ciliated columnar, with goblet cells, Rings are C-shaped

Question 24

What is the carina?

Answer 24

Last ring of tracheal cartilage; where

trachea branches into left and right main bronchi; Initiates the cough reflex

Question 25

What is the order of the bronchial tree?

Answer 25

Main bronchi, Lobar bronchi, segmental bronchi, bronchioles

Question 26

What is the epithelium lining the Main Bronchi?

Answer 26

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

Question 27

Characteristic of Segmental Bronchi

Answer 27

The segments can function independently of other segments, if one segment is diseased it won’t move to other segments

Question 28

What is the transition of epithelium in the Bronchial tree?

Answer 28

PCC in segmental bronchi –> Simple columnar in small bronchi –> simple cuboidal in bronchioles –> Simple squamous in alveolar ducts

Question 29

Where does gas exchange occur in the lungs? What is this structure made up?

Answer 29

Gas exchange occurs across the respiratory membrane; Respiratory membrane= alveolar epithelium + capillary epithelium + fused basement membranes of both epithelia

Question 30

What cell types are found in the alveoli and the respiratory membrane? What are their functions?

Answer 30

Type 1 Cells: gas exchange
Type 2 Cells: Secrete surfactant which decr. surface tension and allows alveoli to re-inflate more easily
Macrophages: “eat” inhaled particles
Alveolar Pores: equalize pressure b/w alveoli

Question 31

What surrounds a lobule in the lung? What is it made of?

Answer 31

Stroma; elastic CT

Question 32

Describe what happens during Inspiration

Answer 32

“breathing in”; diaphragm contracts down, ribs move up, thoracic volume increases. Active process that requires ATP

Question 33

Describe what happens during expiration

Answer 33

“breathing out”; diaphragm moves up and relaxes, ribs move back down, thoracic volume decr. Passive process

Question 34

What are the 2 types of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease? How are they different?

Answer 34

Chronic Bronchitis: excess mucus production, inflammation, formation of scar tissue
Emphysema: Destruction of alveolar walls, loss of lung elasticity